bactrim

Cerebral nocardiosis is a rare opportunistic infectious disease that occurs mainly in immunocompromised hosts; however, immunocompetent patients may be affected too. It often results in the formation of intraparenchymal brain abscess, which represents only 2% of all cerebral abscesses. The overall mortality rate exceeds 20% in immunocompetent patients and 55% in immunocompromised patients. Bacteriological diagnosis is often confirmed only after the surgical excision of the abscess. Thus, the initiation of effective therapy is frequently delayed...

INTRODUCTION: Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is a rare and life-threatening condition caused by uncontrolled immune activation leading to excessive inflammation and tissue destruction. It could either be due to a primary genetic defect or be triggered by secondary causes such as infections, autoimmune diseases, rheumatological diseases or post-transplant immunosuppression. We here report the case of a 4-year-old child with a recent AIDS diagnosis who developed a severe systemic inflammation...

The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors has revolutionized cancer treatment. These drugs function by inhibiting the binding of programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand, PD-L1, which inhibits the immune response against cancer cells. Nivolumab is a PD-1 inhibitor that specifically targets the PD-1 pathway. The main side effects of these drugs are unpredictable immune-related toxicities that occur when self-reactive T cells are abnormally activated and cause inflammation in various organs. The organs most often affected are the endocrine glands, lungs, skin, and gut...

BACKGROUND: Recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) occurs in sizable percentages of patients after a single episode and is a frequent cause of primary healthcare visits and hospital admissions, accounting for up to one quarter of emergency department visits. We aim to describe the pattern of continuous antibiotic prophylaxis prescription for recurrent urinary tract infections, in what group of adult patients they are prescribed and their efficacy. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of all adult patients diagnosed with single and recurrent symptomatic urinary tract infection in the period of January 2016 to December 2018...

Bacillus cereus is a common foodborne pathogen. Accidently eating food contaminated by B . cereus will cause vomiting or diarrhea, and even death in severe cases. In the present study, a B . cereus strain was isolated from spoiled rice by streak culture. The pathogenicity and drug resistance of the isolated strain were analyzed by drug sensitivity test and PCR amplification of virulence-associated gene respectively. Cultures of the purified strain were injected intraperitoneally into mice to examine their effects on intestinal immunity-associated factors and gut microbial communities, to provide references for the pathogenic mechanism and medication guidance of these spoilage microorganisms...

The COVID-19 pandemic and the associated post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) have led to the identification of a complex disease phenotype that is associated with important changes in the immune system. Herein, we describe a unique case of Nocardia farcinica cerebral abscess in an individual with sudden immunodeficiency several months after mild COVID-19. Intravenous Bactrim and Imipenem were prescribed for 6 weeks. After this, a 12-month course of Bactrim and Clavulin was prescribed to be taken orally, given the N...

Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) is a delayed adverse drug reaction that is characterized by fever, cutaneous manifestation, enlarged lymph nodes, hematologic abnormalities, and organ involvement. Multiple medications have been reported to cause DRESS with the presentation varying from drug to drug. Some cases are mild and can be managed by stopping the causative agent along with supportive measures; however, other cases can lead to multi-organ failure requiring systemic corticosteroids and organ transplant...

A 33-year-old male presented to the emergency with cough, hemoptysis, and shortness of breath. He was on steroids for suspected Still's disease due to arthralgias and fever prior to presentation to the emergency. He developed sudden hypoxic respiratory failure and required mechanical ventilation. The initial imaging studies of the chest including computed tomography (CT) of the chest showed marked diffuse central and basilar predominant opacities with associated smooth septal thickening. Furthermore, the patient's creatinine, troponin, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), rheumatoid factor, and D-dimer were elevated...

Nocardia spp. is a Gram-positive, partially acid-fast aerobic bacterium usually associated with infection in immunocompromised people. The most common sites of infection are the skin, lungs, and the brain, however disease can disseminate and affect every organ. Clinical manifestations of cutaneous disease are varied and frequently misdiagnosed. We present a case of an immunocompetent 66-year-old man who sustained a left finger injury while gardening. He was misdiagnosed on several occasions and treated with inappropriate antibiotics against Streptococcus spp...

BACKGROUND: Previous studies show an increasing incidence of gram-negative organisms in surgical site infections after spine surgery. This study is looking for the association of the post-operative prophylactic use of Bactrim and the gram-negative surgical site infection after lumbar spine surgery. METHODS: Patients who underwent lumbar spine surgery between August 2010 and December 2019 at the institution were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: There were 11 infections out of 511 cases where no oral antibiotics were given (2...

Most allergic reactions to antibiotics are caused by β-lactam antibiotics; however non-β-lactam antibiotics are also capable of causing both immediate allergic reactions as well as late-type reactions to these drugs. This is especially true for fluoroquinolones and sulfonamides. Of these, the combination of sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim (Cotrimoxazol, e.g., Bactrim) is most important. However, there are certain types of reactions to non-β-lactam antibiotics that are not associated with β-lactam antibiotics...

Patients infected with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) are at an increased risk of developing acute kidney injury (AKI) compared with patients without HIV infection. We report a rare case of disseminated Microsporidium infection-associated AKI affecting the native kidneys in a 30-year-old Asian woman with HIV infection. She initially presented to an outside institution with AKI after completing treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim [Hoffmann-La Roche]) and prednisone for Pneumocystis pneumonia...

The spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) associated with wastewater is a significant environmental concern, but little is known about the persistence and proliferation of these organisms in receiving water bodies after discharge. To address this knowledge gap, we performed a series of microcosm experiments in which river water was amended with either untreated or treated wastewater, and the abundance of viable ciprofloxacin-, Bactrim-, and erythromycin-resistant bacteria was monitored for 72 h. Both types of wastewater amendments significantly increased the initial abundance of ARB compared to microcosms containing only river water (all p < 0...

PURPOSE: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common in the first 6 months after renal transplantation, and there are only limited data about UTIs after transplantation in Saudi Arabia in general. METHODS: A retrospective study from January 2017 to May 2020 with 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: 279 renal transplant recipients were included. Mean age was 43.4 ± 16.0 years, and114 (40.9%) were women. Urinary stents were inserted routinely during transplantation and were removed 35...

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the second most prevalent infection among the elderly population. Hence, the current study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of UTIs among older adults, medication regimen complexity, and the factors associated with the treatment outcomes of elderly patients infected with UTIs. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Urology, Hospital Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. The patients ≥65 years of age were included in the present study with a confirmed diagnosis of UTIs from 2014 to 2018 (5 years)...

Vasculitis is classified based on the size of the blood vessels involved. Sub-group Leukocytoclastic vasculitis (LCV) refers to small blood vessel inflammation, which involves cutaneous capillaries and venules. To date, there have been myriad primary and secondary probable causes of LCV. Here, we present a case of an 86-year-old male who presented with non-blanchable purpura involving the ankles, knees, and palms. The patient had idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), for which he had been on long-term oxygen therapy and chronic corticosteroids...

Hyperkalemia is a potentially life-threatening electrolyte abnormality in both children and adults. In the setting of elevated serum potassium concentrations, cardiac conduction disturbances and cardiac arrest may occur. In the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) setting, the differential diagnosis of hyperkalemia may be extensive including increased potassium intake or administration, increased endogenous production, decreased renal excretion, and intracellular to extracellular shifts related to changes in acid-base status...

Inflammation of the meningeal linings of the central nervous system (CNS), also known as meningitis, is one of the serious presentations in the emergency because it carries high morbidity and mortality. The most common cause is pus-producing organisms. However, non-suppurative meningitis, termed aseptic meningitis, is another cause of meningeal inflammation. Many etiologies stand behind aseptic meningitis. Those etiologies include viral and non-viral, drug-induced, malignancy, and systemic inflammation. Drug-induced aseptic meningitis is a rare type of meningitis...

Drug-induced aseptic meningitis is a rare entity. Diagnosis of drug-induced aseptic meningitis can be challenging due to the difficulty in distinguishing clinical presentation from bacterial or viral meningitis. We present a case of a 52-year-old Caucasian female patient who presented to the emergency room on two different occasions with severe headache, neck pain, and confusion. Initial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showed lymphocytic pleocytosis, and empirical intravenous acyclovir was initiated. Bacterial and viral CSF analysis and cultures were negative...

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to compare the severity of chronic ocular complications of Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) induced by lamotrigine (LT) vs. trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TS). METHODS: This retrospective cross-sectional study evaluated all SJS/TEN patients treated within our hospital network from 2008 to 2018. Inclusion criteria included patients with reactions identified as caused by either LT or TS, and patients with at least one ophthalmology follow up in the chronic phase (≥3 months from disease onset)...