value-based purchasing

Prescription drug contracting in the United States has evolved over decades from discounts provided to members of early health maintenance organization plans to rebate contracts to more complex value-based purchasing arrangements. This primer describes the history of contracting between pharmaceutical manufacturers and managed care pharmacy organizations and details the various contracting methods used today.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE) AI Task Force along with experts in endoscopy, technology space, regulatory authorities, and other medical subspecialties initiated a consensus process that analyzed the current literature, highlighted potential areas, and outlined the necessary research in artificial intelligence (AI) to allow a clearer understanding of AI as it pertains to endoscopy currently. METHODS: A modified Delphi process was used to develop these consensus statements...

As place-based conservation organizations, zoos are in a central position to support individuals in making small changes in their lives that will support the protection of wildlife and their habitats. This paper describes the secondary analysis of data collected from multi-phase front-end, exploratory evaluation that informed the development of a conservation action campaign in association with a non-profit, urban zoo. In phase one, internal organization staff were invited to attend workshops during which they brainstormed potential conservation actions that they felt were important for the zoo to promote...

INTRODUCTION: Considering recent and proposed bans on menthol cigarettes, methods are needed to understand the substitutability of potential menthol cigarette alternatives (MCAs) for menthol cigarettes. This study examined the prospective relationship between behavioral economic demand indices and subjective effects of usual brand menthol cigarettes (UBMC) and preferred MCAs with subsequent performance on a laboratory-based concurrent-choice task comparing UBMC and MCAs. METHODS: Eighty participants who typically smoked menthol cigarettes completed this clinical lab study...

Nutri-Score is a front-of-package (FOP) labeling designed to assist consumers in selecting healthier options at the point of purchase and ultimately enhance their health. This study aims to evaluate the association between the Nutri-Score system and incident abdominal obesity (AO) in community-dwelling older adults. A prospective cohort of 628 individuals aged ≥ 60 were recruited in Spain between 2008-2010 and were reexamined between 2015-2017. Dietary intake was evaluated utilizing a validated computerized dietary history...

BACKGROUND: The medical pricing system strongly influences physicians' job satisfaction and patient health outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the current relative value unit (RVU)-based pricing and utility of patients in commonly performed surgical procedures in South Korea. METHODS: Fifteen common surgical procedures were selected from OECD statistics, and three additional orthopedic procedures were examined. The current pricing of each surgical procedure was retrieved from the Korea National Health Insurance Service, and the corresponding utilities were obtained as quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gains from previous studies...

Medicare is the largest single purchaser of health care in the United States and currently helps to pay medical expenses for approximately one-fifth of the US population. The impetus for Medicare to move away from fee-for-service and toward value-based care payments reflects the need to incentivize and improve healthcare quality while containing increasing costs. This primer provides a detailed overview of several interrelated topics for an improved understanding of the Medicare program for orthopaedic surgeons, other clinicians, healthcare administrators, policymakers, and business leaders...

IMPORTANCE: Little is known about support for and willingness to engage in political violence in the United States. Such violence would likely involve firearms. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether firearm owners' and nonowners' support for political violence differs and whether support among owners varies by type of firearms owned, recency of purchase, and frequency of carrying a loaded firearm in public. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cross-sectional nationally representative survey study was conducted from May 13 to June 2, 2022, among US adult members of the Ipsos KnowledgePanel, including an oversample of firearm owners...

With the increasing popularity of e-commerce live streaming, understanding purchase intentions for cultural heritage products in this context is crucial, prompting the analysis based on the ABC attitude theory. This study investigates how creative products of intangible cultural heritage influence consumers' purchase intentions within the framework of e-commerce live streaming. It further explores the mediating influence of consumer satisfaction in this association, utilizing the ABC attitude theory. The research design encompasses dimensions related to creative products of intangible cultural heritage, e-customer satisfaction, and purchase intention...

Focusing on the research scenario that integrates value-based healthcare objectives with the pharmaceutical group purchasing model, this study delineates value-based healthcare objectives in pharmaceutical group purchasing from three perspectives: drug sales price, drug quality, and service level. We construct a three-level pharmaceutical group purchasing supply chain consisting of drug manufacturers, medical institutions, and non-profit drug group purchasing organisations. Under centralised and decentralised decision-making, we introduce cost-sharing contracts and "cost-sharing-quantity-discount" contracts to analyse the impact of factors such as drug sales price, quality, and sensitivity of the service level...

BACKGROUND: Parallel artificial liquid membrane extraction (PALME) is a 96-well plate setup variant of liquid-phase microextraction. Basic or acidic analytes are extracted in neutral form from the sample, through a supported liquid membrane (SLM), and into aqueous acceptor. PALME is already considered a green extraction technique, but in the current conceptual work, we sought to make it even greener by replacing the use of organic solvents with essential oils (EO). PALME was combined with LC-MS/MS for analysis of plasma samples and multiple drugs of abuse with toxicological relevance (amphetamines, phenethylamines, synthetic cathinones, designer benzodiazepines, ayahuasca alkaloids, lysergic acid diethylamide, and ketamine)...

The marketing of insect-derived protein has led to the development of respective legal regulations on such insects-based foods in the European Union. Despite the interest in the area of insect-based food, European researchers have paid relatively little attention to consumer attitudes and behaviors towards such products or the factors that may affect them. Attempts undertaken so far in this respect are insufficient; therefore, there is a need to continue and expand research in this field. The present study attempts to verify the following research hypotheses: H1...

Today, the distribution and consumption of canned products have become widespread due to the convenience of using processed fish products. This study aims to evaluate elements of toxicological concern and essential elements (Cd, Al, Cu, Cr, Mn, Fe, Pb, Ni, and Zn), the fatty acid composition, and the fat-soluble vitamin and antioxidant pigment contents of various canned fish products purchased on the Bulgarian market. The estimated weekly intake and human health benefit-risk ratio based on metal elements and n-3 LC-PUFA contents in canned fish products were assessed...

IMPORTANCE: Medicare's Hospital Value-Based Purchasing (HVBP) program will provide a health equity adjustment (HEA) to hospitals that have greater proportions of patients dually eligible for Medicare and Medicaid and that offer high-quality care beginning in fiscal year 2026. However, which hospitals will benefit most from this policy change and to what extent are unknown. OBJECTIVE: To estimate potential changes in hospital performance after HEA and examine hospital patient mix, structural, and geographic characteristics associated with receipt of increased payments...

Sarcodon and Hydnellum are two ectomycorrhizal genera of important ecological and economic value in Southwest China, and they are common in the free markets in this region. It was estimated that more than 1,500 tonnes of them were sold as edible per year, but there was little information about the taxonomic placements of these edible mushrooms sold in the markets. Traditional concepts of the two genera have also been challenged recently, and circumscription of Sarcodon and the informally defined clade "Neosarcodon" remained unresolved...

The occurrence of persistent organic pollutants like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in food represents a public health concern. The BfR MEAL Study was initiated to generate a comprehensive data base of occurrence data for chemicals in the most consumed foods in Germany. Non-dioxin-like PCBs (NDL-PCBs) and PBDEs were analysed in 300 foods, purchased and prepared representatively for the eating behaviour of the population in Germany. Highest levels of NDL-PCBs and PBDEs were detected in spiny dogfish, cod liver, herring, and eel...

UNLABELLED: Special flood hazard areas (SFHAs), defined as having an annual probability of occurrence of 1 percent or above, are used by U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to demarcate areas within which flood insurance purchase is required to secure a mortgage. However, quantifying flood risk within SFHAs can be challenging due to the lack of modeled flood depth data for all return periods. To address this issue, this research quantifies flood risk indicated by average annual loss (AAL) within the A Zone-the subset of the SFHA where wave heights can potentially range from 0 to 3 feet...

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic and prognostic values of neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and analyze its immune function in the tumor microenvironment. METHODS: Based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Gene Expression Omnibus, Genotype Tissue Expression, Immune Cell Abundance Identifier (ImmuCellAI), Reactome, and Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer databases, the cancer tissues from 50 patients with TNBC and corresponding adjacent noncancerous tissues from 10 patients (tissue microarrays were purchased from Shanghai Xinchao Biotechnology Co...

Accurate and efficient valuation of property is of utmost importance in a variety of settings, such as when securing mortgage finance to purchase a property, or where residential property taxes are set as a percentage of a property's resale value. Internationally, resale based property taxes are most common due to ease of implementation and the difficulty of establishing site values. In an Irish context, property valuations are currently based on comparison to recently sold neighbouring properties, however, this approach is limited by low property turnover...

BACKGROUND: Stroke readmissions are considered a marker of health quality and may pose a burden to healthcare systems. However, information on the costs of post-stroke readmissions has not been systematically reviewed. OBJECTIVES: To systematically review information about the costs of hospital readmissions of patients whose primary diagnosis in the index admission was a stroke. METHODS: A rapid systematic review was performed on studies reporting post-stroke readmission costs in EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Web of Science up to June 2021...