fMRI ADHD

INTRODUCTION: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects 3% of children in the world. OBJECTIVE: In this work, we seek to compare the different brain activations of pediatric patients with and without ADHD. METHODS: A functional resonance examination with BOLD contrast was applied using the MOXO-CPT test (Continuous Performance test with single and double visual-auditory distractors). RESULTS: Differences in BOLD activation were observed indicating that control children regularly presented negative BOLD activations that were not found in children with ADHD...

INTRODUCTION: Dynamic functional connectivity (dFC), which can capture the abnormality of brain activity over time in resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data, has a natural advantage in revealing the abnormal mechanism of brain activity in patients with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Several deep learning methods have been proposed to learn dynamic changes from rs-fMRI for FC analysis, and achieved superior performance than those using static FC...

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder associated with suboptimal outcomes throughout the life-span. Extant work suggests that ADHD-related deficits in task performance may be magnified under high cognitive load and minimized under high perceptual load, but these effects have yet to be systematically examined, and the neural mechanisms that undergird these effects are as yet unknown. Herein, we report results from three experiments investigating how performance in ADHD is modulated by cognitive load and perceptual load during a naturalistic task...

Attention is a crucial cognitive function that enables us to selectively focus on relevant information from the surrounding world to achieve our goals. Impairments in sustained attention pose challenges, particularly in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impulsive and inattentive behavior. While psychostimulant medications are the most effective ADHD treatment, they often yield unwanted side effects, making it crucial to explore non-pharmacological treatments...

Attention deficit/Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has a great impact on children's development. This paper uses a novel adaptive brain state extraction algorithm to construct a dynamic time-window brain network, which captures the brain function pattern characteristics of ADHD children with higher temporal resolution. The test data were acquired by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) obtained from 23 children with ADHD during the visual-capture-task [age: (8.27 ± 2.77)]. A spatial standard deviation method is used after the initial data processing, to extract the brain activity pattern state; An improved clustering algorithm is constructed to verify the changes made to the dynamic time-window brain network model...

BACKGROUND: Inattention is a key characteristic of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Specific brain abnormalities associated with this symptom form a discernible pattern related with ADHD in children (i.e., ADHD related pattern) in our earlier research. The developmental processes of segregation and integration may be crucial to ADHD. However, how brains reconfigure these processes of the ADHD related pattern in different subtypes of ADHD and across sexes remain unclear...

This review draws connections between the pathogenesis of canine epilepsy and its most commonly recognised comorbidities: cognitive impairment (CI), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-like behaviour, fear and anxiety. Uni/bidirectional causalities and the possibility of a common aetiology triggering both epilepsy and the associated diseases are considered. Research on this topic is sparse in dogs, so information has been gathered and assessed from human and laboratory animal studies. Anatomical structures, functional connections, disrupted neurotransmission and neuroinflammatory processes collectively serve as a common foundation for epilepsy and its comorbidities...

Working memory is integral to a range of critical cognitive functions such as reasoning and decision-making. Although alterations in working memory have been observed in neurodivergent populations, there has been no review mapping how cognitive load is measured in common neurodevelopmental conditions such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and dyslexia. This scoping review explores the neurophysiological measures used to study cognitive load in these specific populations...

BACKGROUND: ADHD is often described as a disorder of altered reward sensitivity, yet few studies have examined the extent to which: (i) treatments for ADHD impact reward-related mechanisms; and (ii) changes in the reward system are associated with clinical improvement. This study addresses these issues - examining the extent to which clinical improvement following lisdexamfetamine (LDX) treatment is associated with changes in brain reward system activation. METHODS: Twenty adults (M = 11, 55%, F = 9, 45%), ages 19-52 (M = 33...

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in children and is characterised by inattention, impulsiveness and hyperactivity. While several studies have analysed the static functional connectivity in the resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) of ADHD patients, detailed investigations are required to characterize the connectivity dynamics in the brain. In an attempt to establish a link between attention instability and the dynamic properties of Functional Connectivity (FC), we investigated the differences in temporal variability of FC between 40 children with ADHD and 40 Typically Developing (TD) children...

Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are a group of complex neurologic and psychiatric disorders. Functional and molecular imaging techniques, such as resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET), can be used to measure network activity noninvasively and longitudinally during maturation in both humans and rodent models. Here, we review the current knowledge on rs-fMRI and PET biomarkers in the study of normal and abnormal neurodevelopment, including intellectual disability (ID; with/without epilepsy), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), in humans and rodent models from birth until adulthood, and evaluate the cross-species translational value of the imaging biomarkers...

BACKGROUND: Individual differences in reward-processing are central to heightened risk-taking behaviors during adolescence, but there is inconsistent evidence for the relationship between risk-taking phenotypes and the neural substrates of these behaviors. METHODS: Here, we identify latent features of reward in an attempt to provide a unifying framework linking together aspects of the brain and behavior during early aneadolescence using a multivariate pattern learning approach...

BACKGROUND: Impairing repetitive behaviours are one of the core diagnostic symptoms in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), but also manifest in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Although the dorsal striatal circuit has been implicated in repetitive behaviours, extensive heterogeneity and cross-diagnostic manifestations in these behaviours have suggested phenotypic and likely neurobiological heterogeneity across neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs)...

BACKGROUND: Disruptive behavior in children and adolescents can manifest as reactive aggression and proactive aggression and is modulated by callous-unemotional traits and other comorbidities. Neural correlates of these aggression dimensions or subtypes and comorbid symptoms remain largely unknown. This multi-center study investigated the relationship between resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) and aggression subtypes considering comorbidities. METHODS: The large sample of children and adolescents aged 8-18 years (n = 207; mean age = 13...

BACKGROUND: Autistic traits (ATs) are frequently reported in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This study aimed to examine ATs in children with ADHD from both behavioral and neuroimaging perspectives. METHODS: We used the Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ) to assess and define subjects with and without ATs. For behavioral analyses, 67 children with ADHD and ATs (ADHD + ATs), 105 children with ADHD but without ATs (ADHD - ATs), and 44 typically developing healthy controls without ATs (HC - ATs) were recruited...

Nowadays, many people worldwide suffer from brain disorders, and their health is in danger. So far, numerous methods have been proposed for the diagnosis of Schizophrenia (SZ) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), among which functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) modalities are known as a popular method among physicians. This paper presents an SZ and ADHD intelligent detection method of resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) modality using a new deep learning method. The University of California Los Angeles dataset, which contains the rs-fMRI modalities of SZ and ADHD patients, has been used for experiments...

Numerous voxel-based resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) measurements have been used to characterize spontaneous brain activity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, the practical distinctions and commonalities among these intrinsic brain activity measures remain to be fully explored, and whether the functional concordance is related to frequency is still unknown. The study included 25 ADHD, combined type (ADHD-C); 26 ADHD, inattentive type (ADHD-I); and 28 typically developing (TD) children...

INTRODUCTION: Irritability, characterized by a tendency to exhibit increased anger, is a common clinical problem in youth. Irritability is a significant clinical issue in youth with various psychiatric diagnoses, especially disruptive behavior, and mood disorders (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Conduct Disorder, and Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder). Although there have been previous studies focusing on functional alteration in the amygdala related to irritability, there is no comprehensive model between emotional, neuronal, and behavioral characteristics...

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with high prevalence, heritability, and heterogeneity. Children with a positive family history of ADHD have a heightened risk of ADHD emergence, persistence, and executive function deficits, with the neural mechanisms having been under investigated. The objective of this study was to investigate working memory-related functional brain activation patterns in children with ADHD (with vs. without positive family histories (ADHD-F vs...

Objective: In recent years, researchers and neuroscientists have begun to use a variety of nonlinear techniques for analyzing neurophysiologic signals derived from fMRI, MEG, and EEG in order to describe the complex dynamical aspects of neural mechanisms. In this work, we first attempted to describe different algorithms to estimate neural complexity in a simple manner understandable for psychiatrists, psychologists, and neuroscientists. Then, we reviewed the findings of the brain complexity analysis in psychiatric disorders and their clinical implications...