run1

Participation and performance trends of male and female athletes have been thoroughly analyzed in various endurance sports. Knowing these trends can help coaches and athletes prepare for competitions and may influence their training strategy and career planning. However, duathlon events-consisted of two splits of running (Run1 and Run2) interspersed by a split of cycling (Bike)-have not been thoroughly studied, unlike other endurance sports. The present study aimed to compare participation and performance trends in duathletes who competed in duathlon races hosted by World Triathlon or affiliated National Federations between 1990 and 2021...

The ascomycete Erysiphe necator is a serious pathogen in viticulture. Despite the fact that some grapevine genotypes exhibit mono-locus or pyramided resistance to this fungus, the lipidomics basis of these genotypes' defense mechanisms remains unknown. Lipid molecules have critical functions in plant defenses, acting as structural barriers in the cell wall that limit pathogen access or as signaling molecules after stress responses that may regulate innate plant immunity. To unravel and better understand their involvement in plant defense, we used a novel approach of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-MS/MS to study how E...

Intraspecific diversity of the immune grape Muscadinia rotundifolia Michaux. can serve as a rich source of valuable resistance loci to the most widespread pathogens and pests of grapevine. While only one Run1/Rpg1 resistance locus has been introgressed from M. rotundifolia to the Vitis vinifera gene pool, a number of other genes conferring resistance to powdery mildew and downy mildew have been identified in various Muscadinia cultivars. A larger introduction of Muscadinia varieties to the European continent would greatly facilitate experiments of interspecific crosses as well as stimulate biotechnological efforts to overcome the main barrier to F1 fertility caused by the differences in chromosome number...

Grapevine is a fruit crop of major significance worldwide. Fungal attacks are one of the most relevant factors affecting grapevine yield and fruit quality, and powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe necator is one of the most harmful fungal diseases for this fruit-bearing species. Incorporating resistance genes such as Run1 and Ren1 in new vine selections offers a sustainable alternative to control the disease. These combined loci produce an immune response that prevents the development of the disease. However, to date studies are lacking concerning whether this response generates alterations in the physiological and antioxidant parameters of resistant plants in the presence of the fungus or if it has an associated energy cost...

Objective: Obese or overweight is a risk factor for some chronic diseases, and oxidative stress and inflammation may be one of the molecular mechanisms leading to the persistence of these chronic diseases. Discovering interventions to alleviate oxidative stress and inflammation in the overweight/obese population, is very important for public health and health education. Methods: A two-week panel intervention study (Run 0-Run 1-Run 2) was conducted. The subjects were 77 overweight/obese undergraduates attending Dali University, with a BMI>24 kg/m2 ...

Muscadinia rotundifolia cv. Trayshed is a valuable source of resistance to grape powdery mildew. It carries 2 powdery mildew resistance-associated genetic loci, Run1.2 on chromosome 12 and Run2.2 on chromosome 18. The purpose of this study was to identify candidate resistance genes associated with each haplotype of the 2 loci. Both haplotypes of each resistance-associated locus were identified, phased, and reconstructed. Haplotype phasing allowed the identification of several structural variation events between haplotypes of both loci...

The data consist of electroencephalography (EEG) signals acquired by means of low-cost consumer-grade devices from 10 participants (four females, right-handed, mean age <mml:math xmlns:mml="https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mo>±</mml:mo></mml:math> SD = 26.1 <mml:math xmlns:mml="https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mo>±</mml:mo></mml:math> 4.0 years) without any previous experience in Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) usage. The BCI protocol consisted of two conditions, namely the kinesthetic imagination of grasping movement (motor imagery, MI) of the dominant hand and a rest/idle condition...

Vitis rotundifolia Michx. is one of the species of the family Vitaceae, with resistance to both biotic and abiotic stresses. The present study reports new scientif ic knowledge about the inheritance of resistance to downy mildew, powdery mildew and frost by V. vinifera varieties from V. rotundifolia. Recombinant lines of three hybrid populations from the crossing of the maternal genotype ♀M. 31-77-10 with V. rotundifolia hybrids were used as the object of the study. As a result of laboratory screening, more than 40 % of recombinants of the ♀M...

The Crimean autochthonous grape varieties are unique by their origin and serve as a valuable source for breeding new cultivars with increased salt and frost resistance, as well as high-quality berries. However, they suffer from fungal pathogens, as the dry and hot summer months contribute to the epiphytotic course of diseases. An increase in the resistance of Crimean grape varieties is currently achieved through interspecific hybridization. In this study, we describe the genetic and agrobiological diversity of three hybrid populations obtained using the Vitis interspecific hybrid 'Magarach 31-77-10' as a female parent and Muscadinia rotundifolia × Vitis vinifera BC5 hybrid plants as male parents...

Muscadinia rotundifolia, the muscadine grape, has been cultivated for centuries in the southeastern United States. M. rotundifolia is resistant to many of the pathogens that detrimentally affect Vitis vinifera, the grape species commonly used for winemaking. For this reason, M. rotundifolia is a valuable genetic resource for breeding. Single-molecule real-time reads were combined with optical maps to reconstruct the two haplotypes of each of the 20 M. rotundifolia cv. Trayshed chromosomes. The completeness and accuracy of the assembly were confirmed using a high-density linkage map...

Phylogenetic trees are essential for studying biology, but their reproducibility under identical parameter settings remains unexplored. Here, we find that 3515 (18.11%) IQ-TREE-inferred and 1813 (9.34%) RAxML-NG-inferred maximum likelihood (ML) gene trees are topologically irreproducible when executing two replicates (Run1 and Run2) for each of 19,414 gene alignments in 15 animal, plant, and fungal phylogenomic datasets. Notably, coalescent-based ASTRAL species phylogenies inferred from Run1 and Run2 sets of individual gene trees are topologically irreproducible for 9/15 phylogenomic datasets, whereas concatenation-based phylogenies inferred twice from the same supermatrix are reproducible...

Humic substance (HS), as an aromatic compound, is the core product of aerobic fermentation. Denitrification-dependent degradation of aromatic compounds have been repeatedly observed in environment. However, few studies have elucidated the relationship between denitrification and aromatic HS during sludge aerobic fermentation. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of enhanced denitrification on aromatic HS formation. On the 24th day of sludge aerobic fermentation, five tests (CK, Run1, Run2, Run3 and Run4) were executed, and nitrate concentrations were adjusted to 480 ± 20, 500 ± 20, 1000 ± 20, 1500 ± 20 and 2000 ± 20 mg/kg with potassium nitrate, respectively...

SARM1 (sterile alpha and TIR motif containing 1) is responsible for depletion of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in its oxidized form (NAD+ ) during Wallerian degeneration associated with neuropathies. Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors recognize pathogen effector proteins and trigger localized cell death to restrict pathogen infection. Both processes depend on closely related Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains in these proteins, which, as we show, feature self-association-dependent NAD+ cleavage activity associated with cell death signaling...

On the basis of recent functional MRI studies, Multiple Sclerosis (MS) has been interpreted as a multisystem disconnection syndrome. Compared to normal subjects, MS patients show alterations in functional connectivity (FC). However, the mechanisms underlying these alterations are still debated. The aim of the study is to investigate resting state (RS) FC changes after initial treatment with fingolimod, a proven anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating agent for MS. We studied 32 right-handed relapsing-remitting MS patients (median Expanded Disability Status Scale: 2...

A continuous flow reactor (TCFR) with 10 compartments was used to treat domestic sewage. The anaerobic compartments of TCFR were kept at 3. The anoxic compartments of TCFR were reduced from 2 to 0. Therefore, the aerobic compartments of TCFR were increased gradually from 5 to 7. The aerobic compartments were set to continual aeration in Run1 and intermittent aeration from Run2 to Run4. The aeration/non-aeration ratios were 40 min/20 min,40 min/30 min, and 40 min/40 min, respectively. The nitrification liquid reflux ratios were reduced gradually from 150% to 0%...

The purpose of the present research was to study the effect of sex and performance on pacing in short (Run1-10 km, Bike-50 km and Run2-5 km) and long distance (Run1-10 km, Bike-150 km and Run2-30 km) in the Powerman World Championship 'Powerman Zofingen'. All finishers ( n = 6671; women, n = 1037; men, n = 5634) competing either in the short or long distance versions of 'Powerman Zofingen' from 2003 to 2017 were analyzed for the time spent in each discipline (Run1, Bike and Run2), and in transition (Tran) from Run1 to Bike (Tran1) and from Bike to Run2 (Tran2)...

Purpose: The age of peak performance (APP) has been studied extensively in various endurance and ultra-endurance sports; however, less information exists in regard to duathlon (ie, Run1, Bike, and Run2). The aim of the present study was to assess the APP of duathletes competing either in a short (ie, 10 km Run1, 50 km Bike, and 5 km Run2) or a long distance (ie, 10 km Run1, 150 km Bike, and 30 km Run2) race. Participants and methods: We analyzed 6,671 participants (women, n=1,037, age 36...

Fungal pathogens are the cause of the most common diseases in grapevine and among them powdery mildew represents a major focus for disease management. Different strategies for introgression of resistance in grapevine are currently undertaken in breeding programs. For example, introgression of several resistance genes (R) from different sources for making it more durable and also strengthening the plant defense response. Taking this into account, we cross-pollinated P09-105/34, a grapevine plant carrying both RUN1 and REN1 pyramided loci of resistance to Erysiphe necator inherited from a pseudo-backcrossing scheme with Muscadinia rotundifolia and Vitis vinifera 'Dzhandzhal Kara,' respectively, with the susceptible commercial table grape cv...

BACKGROUND: Grapevine powdery mildew Erysiphe necator is a major fungal disease in all grape growing countries worldwide. Breeding for resistance to this disease is crucial to avoid extensive fungicide applications that are costly, labor intensive and may have detrimental effects on the environment. In the past decade, Chinese Vitis species have attracted attention from grape breeders because of their strong resistance to powdery mildew and their lack of negative fruit quality attributes that are often present in resistant North American species...

Vitis rupestris B38 is a North American grapevine resistant to the major pathogen of cultivated grapevines, Erysiphe necator. Sources of powdery mildew resistance, like V. rotundifolia, are widely used in grape breeding but are already threatened, even before commercialization, by isolates that can reproduce on Run1 and other rotundifolia-derived breeding lines. Thus, complementary sources of resistance are needed to improve resistance durability. The segregation of foliar powdery mildew severity in an F1 family, derived from a cross of V...