Testosterone androgen cholesterol

Androgen(s) is one of the sex steroids that are involved in many physiological phenomena of vertebrate species. Although androgens were originally identified as male sex hormones, it is well known now that they are also essential in females. As in the case of other steroid hormones, androgen is produced from cholesterol through serial enzymatic reactions. Although testis is a major tissue to produce androgens in all species, androgens are also produced in ovary and adrenal (interrenal tissue). Testosterone is the most common and famous androgen...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Targeting specific steroidogenic enzymes is effective in decreasing testosterone synthesis, resulting in significant antitumor effects in prostate cancer. Such treatments result in disruptions of complicated and intertwining pathways with systemic physiologic consequences via effects on the adrenal gland and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis. This review highlights some of these aspects that need to be taken into consideration when treating patients with androgen biosynthesis inhibitors...

Many laboratory studies demonstrated that the exposure to microplastics causes testosterone deficiency and spermatogenic impairment in mammals; however, the mechanism underlying this process remains still unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of polystyrene microplastics (PS-MP) on the proliferation and functionality of cultured Leydig (TM3) and Sertoli (TM4) cells, focusing on the mitochondrial compartment and its association with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The in vitro exposure to PS-MP caused a substantial reduction in cellular viability in TM3 and TM4 cells...

To clarify the causes of sex differences (male < female) in the serum total cholesterol (TCHO) and triglyceride (TG) levels in Meishan pigs, we examined the sex differences in mRNA levels of key hepatic enzymes involved in the biosynthesis/metabolism of cholesterol and TG using real-time RT-PCR. There were no sex differences in mRNA levels of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and CYP51A1 for cholesterol biosynthesis, or of the rate-limiting enzyme CYP7A1 for bile acid synthesis from cholesterol...

Inflammation in hair follicles will reduce the effectiveness of minoxidil (MXD) in the treatment of androgen alopecia (AGA) caused by elevated androgen levels. To target multiple physiological and pathological processes in AGA, a novel natural bioactive compound modified transfersomes (MXD-Rg3@TFs) was prepared to replace cholesterol that may disrupt hair growth, with ginsenosides Rg3 (Rg3) that have anti-inflammatory effects on AGA. The effects of MXD, Rg3 and their combination on AGA were evaluated using dihydrotestosterone (DHT) induced human dermal papilla cells (DPCs), and the results showed that the combination of MXD and Rg3 can significantly promote the proliferation, reduce the level of intracellular ROS and inflammatory factors, and inhibit the aging of DHT induced DPCs...

PURPOSE: To determine the relationship between serum total testosterone (TT) levels and oxidative stress indices in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and to investigate the effect of oxidative stress on androgen synthesis and its mechanism in rat ovarian theca-interstitial (T-I) cells. METHODS: Clinical, hormonal, metabolic, and oxidative stress parameters were analyzed in a cross-sectional case-control study including 626 patients with PCOS and 296 controls...

Background and aim : A large number of recent studies have reported on the use of antioxidants in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant effects on PCOS. Methods : We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and The Cochrane Library to identify randomized controlled trials investigating the use of antioxidants in treating PCOS. Statistical analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.4. Stata17.0 software was used to conduct sensitivity analyses. Results : This meta-analysis included 49 articles and 62 studies...

Leydig cells (LCs) play a pivotal role in male fertility, producing testosterone. Chromium (III) picolinate (CrPic3 ), a contentious supplement with antidiabetic and antioxidant properties, raises concerns regarding male fertility. Using a rodent LC line, we investigated the cytotoxicity of increasing CrPic3 doses. An insulin resistance (IR) model was established using palmitate (PA), and LCs were further exposed to CrPic3 to assess its antioxidant/antidiabetic activities. An exometabolome analysis was performed using 1 H-NMR...

OBJECTIVE: Androgen deficiency is associated with multiple biochemical and behavioral disorders. This study investigated the effects of testosterone replacement and Spirulina Platensis association on testosterone deficiency-induced metabolic disorders and memory impairment. METHODS: Adult male rats were randomly and equally divided into four groups and received the following treatments for 20 consecutive days. CONTROL GROUP: non-castrated rats received distilled water...

Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that hypothyroidism might cause hepatic endocrine and metabolic disturbances with features that mimic deficiencies of testosterone and/or GH. The absence of physiological interactions between testosterone and GH can be linked to male differentiated liver diseases. Testosterone plays relevant physiological effects on somatotropic-liver axis and liver composition and the liver is a primary organ of interactions between testosterone and GH. However, testosterone exerts many effects on liver through complex and poorly understood mechanisms...

PURPOSE: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age. We aimed to investigate the prevalence and phenotypic characteristics of PCOS in testosterone treatment-naïve transgender people assigned female at birth (AFAB), as well as to determine whether cardiometabolic risk factors vary based on the presence of PCOS and its components. METHODS: Evaluation of 112 testosterone treatment-naïve transgender adults AFAB for PCOS and its individual components, including androgen excess, ovulatory dysfunction and polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM)...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate both metabolic and hormonal profiles of untreated women with nonclassical congenital adrenal hyperplasia (NCCAH). The secondary objective was to compare above profiles with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) women and healthy controls. DESIGN: Retrospective, case-control study. PATIENTS: Women assigned to one of the groups: (1) NCCAH (n = 216), (2) PCOS (n = 221), (3) regularly menstruating (n = 216)...

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of an ethanolic extract derived from Agaricus subrufescens on rat models exhibiting Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) induced by Letrozole. METHODS: A total of thirty female Wistar rats were divided into five groups, each consisting of six rats. The negative control group was administered a volume of 1 mL of a 0.5% solution of carboxy methylcellulose (CMC). Letrozole (1 mg/kg) was administered to additional groups for a duration of 21 days in order to induce polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)...

Bisphenols (BPs) have become a chemical group of special interest due to their ability to interfere with the endocrine system and their ubiquitous presence in the environment. As some of them possess mild estrogenic and anti-androgenic effects, they might be associated with the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Acting on multiple tissues, BPs exposure may lead to metabolic derangements characteristic for metabolic syndrome (MetS). Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the potential relationship between exposure to some BPA analogues and features of the MetS in women with PCOS...

This study explored a more precise association between androgens and glycolipid metabolism in healthy women of different ages. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-hip ratio were used as body fat indicators. High-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and total cholesterol were used as lipid markers. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin, and the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance were used to assess insulin resistance and glucose metabolism...

INTRODUCTION: The optimal dietary strategy to improve the metabolic and reproductive endocrine profile in adolescents with obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome is undefined. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the MEtabolic Syndrome REduction in NAvarra (RESMENA) diet versus a control diet based on American Heart Association (AHA) recommendations for the treatment of PCOS in adolescents with PCOS. METHODS: A total of 40 adolescents diagnosed with PCOS between the ages of 13-18 years were randomized to either a RESMENA or control diet for 6 months...

AIM: To assess which parameters among hyperandrogenism (total testosterone-tT-or free androgen index-FAI), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) or body mass index (BMI) could better predict a worse metabolic profile in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHODS: Five hundred and eighty-six women with PCOS and clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism were included. Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves with tT, FAI, SHBG and BMI were performed for metabolic parameters and a cut-off with sensitivity and specificity was obtained for each parameter...

Cadmium is a male reproductive toxicant that interacts with a variety of pathogenetic mechanisms. However, the effect of cadmium on the regulatory mechanism of the steroidogenic pathway of Leydig cells during spermatogenesis is still ambiguous. Light microscopy, Western blot, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were performed to study the regulatory mechanism of the steroidogenic pathway of Leydig cells during spermatogenesis. The results indicated that in the control group, Leydig cells showed dynamic immunoreactivity and immunosignaling action with a strong positive significant secretion of 3β-hydroxysteroid hydrogenase (3β-HSD) in the interstitial compartment of the testis...

PURPOSE: 2, 3, 7, 8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is one of the most potent environmental toxicants, which causes oxidative stress and adversely affects the male reproductive system. The current study aimed to evaluate the ameliorative role of didymin (DDM) against TCDD-induced testicular toxicity. METHODS: Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four equal groups (n=12). (i) Control group, (ii) TCDD-induced group was provided with 10 μg/kg/day of TCDD, (iii) TCDD + DDM group received 10 μg/kg/day of TCDD and 2 mg/kg/day of DDM, and (iv) DDM-treated group was administered with 2 mg/kg/day of DDM...

BACKGROUND: Testosterone (T) is an anabolic hormone crucial to the structure and function of skeletal muscle. Testosterone is partially synthesized from cholesterol, but little is known about the relationship of cholesterol intake and serum cholesterol with T levels. AIM: To investigate whether cholesterol intake and serum total cholesterol (TC) levels are associated with serum total testosterone (TT) levels in men. METHODS: A cross-sectional study enrolling 1996 men aged 20 to 80 years from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013-2014 was carried out...