Surfactant deficiency

INTRODUCTION: SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infects human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2)-expressing lung epithelial cells through its spike (S) protein. The S protein is highly glycosylated and could be a target for lectins. Surfactant protein A (SP-A) is a collagen-containing C-type lectin, expressed by mucosal epithelial cells and mediates its antiviral activities by binding to viral glycoproteins. OBJECTIVE: This study examined the mechanistic role of human SP-A in SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and lung injury in vitro and in vivo ...

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D3 (VD3) deficiency among children in Saudi Arabia remains a pressing concern due to its poor bioavailability and the limitations of current pediatric formulations. To address this challenge, we developed a groundbreaking pediatric self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (Bio-SNEDDS) for VD3, fortified with black seed oil and moringa seed oil for dual therapeutic benefits. Through meticulous formulation optimization using ternary phase diagrams and comprehensive testing, our Bio-SNEDDS demonstrated exceptional performance...

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) remains the most common cause of liver disease in the United States due to the increased incidence of metabolic dysfunction and obesity. Surfactant protein A (SPA) regulates macrophage function, strongly binds to lipids, and is implicated in renal and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). However, the role of SPA in lipid accumulation, inflammation, and hepatic fibrosis that characterize MASLD remains unknown. SPA deficient (SPA-/- ) and age-matched wild-type (WT) control mice were fed a Western diet for 8 weeks to induce MASLD...

INTRODUCTION: Congenital surfactant deficiency, often caused by mutations in genes involved in surfactant biosynthesis such as ABCA3, presents a significant challenge in neonatal care due to its severe respiratory manifestations. This study aims to analyze the clinical data of a newborn male diagnosed with pulmonary surfactant metabolism dysfunction type 3 resulting from ABCA3 gene mutations to provide insights into the management of this condition. PATIENT CONCERNS: A newly born male child aged 1 day and 3 hours was referred to our department due to poor crying and shortness of breath...

Background and Objectives : Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in preterm infants commonly occurs due to the immaturity-related deficiency of pulmonary surfactant. Beyond prematurity, various environmental and genetic factors can influence the onset and progression of RDS. This study aimed to analyze three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the ABCA3 gene to assess the ABCA3 gene as a candidate gene for susceptibility to RDS and overall survival in newborns and to evaluate the utility of MLPA in RDS neonatal patients...

INTRODUCTION: In spontaneously breathing neonates, surfactant can be administered via thin catheter while enabling the own breathing (less invasive surfactant administration [LISA]). Alternatively, the neonate is intubated for surfactant delivery (intubation, surfactant, rapid extubation [INSURE]). Thus, the aim was to provide an overview of the efficacy of the LISA compared to INSURE. METHODS: We performed an umbrella review of previous meta-analyses including randomized controlled trials...

BACKGROUND: A major proportion of preterm neonates require positive pressure ventilation (PPV) immediately after delivery. PPV may be administered through a face mask (FM) or nasal prongs. Current literature indicates that either of these are associated with similar outcomes. SUMMARY: Nonetheless, FM remains the most utilized and the best choice. However, most available FM sizes are too large for extremely preterm infants, which leads to mask leak and ineffective PPV...

The transport of nanoplastics (NPs) in porous media has received a lot of attention, but the studies on the long-term release of NPs retained in porous media and the particle fracture during this process are seriously lacking. For filling this deficiency, we examined the individual or synergistic effects of surfactants, natural organic matters (NOMs), antibiotics, and bacteria on the desorption, long-term release, and particle fracture behaviors of polystyrene NPs (PS-NPs) retained in porous media. It was found that the change in hydrophilicity of PS-NPs dominated the long-term release of PS-NPs retained in porous media when surfactants were present...

Surfactant replacement therapy is currently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) caused by surfactant deficiency due to immaturity. There is strong evidence that surfactant decreases mortality and air leak syndromes in premature infants with RDS. However, surfactant is also used "off-label" for respiratory failure beyond classic RDS. This review discusses current evidence for the use of off-label surfactant therapy for (1) term infants with lung disease such as meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS), pneumonia/sepsis, and congenital diaphragmatic hernia (2) premature infants after 72 h for acute respiratory failure, and (3) the use of surfactant lavage...

Lung surfactant collectins, surfactant protein A (SP-A) and D (SP-D), are oligomeric C-type lectins involved in lung immunity. Through their carbohydrate recognition domain, they recognize carbohydrates at pathogen surfaces and initiate lung innate immune response. Here, we propose that they may also be able to bind to other carbohydrates present in typical cell surfaces, such as the alveolar epithelial glycocalyx. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed and quantified the binding affinity of SP-A and SP-D to different sugars and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) by microscale thermophoresis (MST)...

Prolonged labor can lead to infection, fetal distress, asphyxia, and life-threatening harm to both the mother and baby. Surfactant Protein A (SP-A) was shown to contribute to maintenance of pregnancy and timing of term labor. SP-A modulates the stoichiometric expression of the SP-R210L and SP-R210S isoforms of the SP-R210 receptor on alveolar macrophages (AMs). Lack of SP-R210L dysregulates macrophage inflammatory responses. We asked whether SP-A alters normal and inflammation-induced parturition through SP-R210 using SP-A- and SP-R210L -deficient mice...

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) in preterm neonates has multifactorial pathogenesis with unique characteristics. Premature surfactant-deficient lungs are injured following exposure to positive pressure ventilation and high oxygen concentrations resulting in variable phenotypes of PH. The prevalence of early PH is variable and reported to be between 8% and 55% of extremely preterm infants. Disruption of the lung development and vascular signaling pathway could lead to abnormal pulmonary vascular transition. The management of early PH and the off-label use of selective pulmonary vasodilators continue to be controversial...

INTRODUCTION: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a complex pathology with severe pulmonary morbidity. Administration of surfactant in CDH is controversial, and the advent of fetoscopic endoscopic tracheal occlusion (FETO) has added further complexity. While FETO has been shown to improve survival outcomes, there are risks of prematurity and potential surfactant deficiency. We aim to evaluate the characteristics and outcomes of surfactant administration for CDH infants and elucidate potential benefits or risks in this unique population...

Lung surfactant is a mixture of lipids and proteins and is essential for air breathing in mammals. The hydrophobic surfactant proteins B and C (SP-B and SP-C) assist in reducing surface tension in the lung alveoli by organizing the surfactant lipids. SP-B deficiency is life-threatening, and a lack of SP-C can lead to progressive interstitial lung disease. B-YL (41 amino acids) is a highly surface-active, sulfur-free peptide mimic of SP-B (79 amino acids) in which the four cysteine residues are replaced by tyrosine...

Glucose homeostasis is maintained by hormones secreted from different cell types of the pancreatic islets and controlled by manifold input including signals mediated through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). RNA-seq analyses revealed expression of numerous GPCRs in mouse and human pancreatic islets, among them Gpr116/Adgrf5. GPR116 is an adhesion GPCR mainly found in lung and required for surfactant secretion. Here, we demonstrate that GPR116 is involved in the somatostatin release from pancreatic delta cells using a whole-body as well as a cell-specific knock-out mouse model...

PURPOSE: The typical characteristic of COPD is airway remodeling, affected by environmental and genetic factors. However, genetic studies on COPD have been limited. Currently, the Abhd2 gene is found to play a critical role in maintaining alveolar architecture and stability. The research aims to investigate the predictive value of Abhd2 for airway remodeling in COPD and its effect on TGF-β regulation. METHODS: In humans, Abhd2 protein was obtained from peripheral blood monocytes...

Tuberculosis is the leading cause of death for people living with HIV (PLWH). We hypothesized that altered functions of innate immune components in the human alveolar lining fluid of PLWH (HIV-ALF), drive susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection. Our results indicate a significant increase in oxidation of innate proteins and chemokine levels, and significantly lower levels and function of complement components and Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines in HIV-ALF vs. control-ALF (non-HIV infected people)...

Although zinc deficiency (secondary to malnutrition) has long been considered an important contributor to morbidity and mortality of infectious disease (e.g. diarrhea disorders), epidemiologic data (including randomized controlled trials with supplemental zinc) for such a role in lower respiratory tract infection are somewhat ambiguous. In the current study, we provide the first preclinical evidence demonstrating that although diet-induced acute zinc deficiency (Zn-D: ~50% decrease) did not worsen infection induced by either influenza A (H1N1) or methicillin-resistant staph aureus (MRSA), Zn-D mice were sensitive to the injurious effects of superinfection of H1N1 with MRSA...

The development of single-component materials with low cytotoxicity and multichannel fluorescence imaging capability is a research hotspot. In the present work, highly electron-deficient pyrazine monomers were covalently connected into a polyurethane backbone using addition polymerization with terminal poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether units containing a high density of electron pairs. Thereby, an amphiphilic polyurethane-pyrazine ( PUP ) derivative has been synthesized. The polymer displays cluster-induced emission through compact inter- and/or intramolecular noncovalent interactions and extensive through-space electron coupling and delocalization...

Influenza A virus (IAV) infection causes acute and often lethal inflammation in the lung. The role of macrophages in this adverse inflammation is partially understood. The surfactant protein A receptor 210 (SP-R210) consists of two isoforms, a long (L) SP-R210L and a short (S) SP-R210S isoform encoded by alternative splicing of the myosin 18A gene. We reported that disruption of SP-R210L enhances cytosolic and endosomal antiviral response pathways. Here, we report that SP-R210L antagonizes type I interferon β (IFNβ), as depletion of SP-R210L potentiates IFNβ secretion...