Biomaterial vaccine

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are vesicles with lipid bilayer structures shed from the plasma membrane of cells. Microvesicles (MVs) are a subset of EVs containing proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and other metabolites. MVs can be produced under specific cell stimulation conditions and isolated by modern separation technology. Due to their tumor homing and large volume, tumor cell-derived microvesicles (TMVs) have attracted interest recently and become excellent delivery carriers for therapeutic vaccines, imaging agents or antitumor drugs...

mRNA-based vaccine technology has been significantly developed and enhanced, particularly highlighted by the authorization of mRNA vaccines for addressing the COVID-19 pandemic. Various biomaterials are developed in nano-scales and applied as mRNA vaccine delivery platforms. However, how these mRNA nanoplatforms influence immune responses has not been thoroughly studied. Hence, we have reviewed the current understanding of various mRNA vaccine platforms. We discussed the possible pathways through which these platforms moderate the host's innate immunity and contribute to the development of adaptive immunity...

Biomaterials embody a groundbreaking paradigm shift in the field of drug delivery and human applications. Their versatility and adaptability have not only enriched therapeutic outcomes but also significantly reduced the burden of adverse effects. This work serves as a comprehensive overview of biomaterials, with a particular emphasis on their pivotal role in drug delivery, classifying them in terms of their biobased, biodegradable, and biocompatible nature, and highlighting their characteristics and advantages...

The lymphatic system assumes a pivotal role in maintaining humoral equilibrium, regulating lipid metabolism, and orchestrating immune responses. Lymph nodes (LNs) are recognized as primary loci for tumor metastasis, significantly impacting patient prognosis. The strategic development of lymphatic-targeted systems holds promise for both disease treatment and vaccination effectiveness. In recent years, the convergence of nanotechnologies and innovative biomaterials has garnered substantial interest in crafting lymphatic-targeted drug delivery systems...

As the second-leading cause of human death, cancer has drawn attention in the area of biomedical research and therapy from all around the world. Certainly, the development of nanotechnology has made it possible for nanoparticles (NPs) to be used as a carrier for delivery systems in the treatment of tumors. This is a biomimetic approach established to craft remedial strategies comprising NPs cloaked with membrane obtained from various natural cells like blood cells, bacterial cells, cancer cells, etc . Here we conduct an in-depth exploration of cell membrane-coated NPs (CMNPs) and their extensive array of applications including drug delivery, vaccination, phototherapy, immunotherapy, MRI imaging, PET imaging, multimodal imaging, gene therapy and a combination of photothermal and chemotherapy...

BACKGROUND: Tumor immunotherapy can not only eliminate the primary lesion, but also produce long-term immune memory, effectively inhibiting tumor metastasis and recurrence. However, immunotherapy also showed plenty of limitations in clinical practice. In recent years, the combination of nanomaterials and immunotherapy has brought new light for completely eliminating tumors with its fabulous anti-tumor effects and negligible side effects. METHODS: The Core Collection of Web of Science (WOSCC) was used to retrieve and obtain relevant literatures on antitumor nano-immunotherapy since the establishment of the WOSCC...

The use of dissolving microneedles (DMNs) is a drug delivery technique in which drug dissolution occurs once it is administered into the skin. The skin is a remarkable site for vaccination due to its significant immunologic properties. Compared to the traditional hypodermic intramuscular (IM) injection, vaccination via DMN does not require cold chains and allows for minimal invasive drug delivery. On account of the significance of skin vaccination, preceding studies have been conducted to elucidate the importance of the DMN technology in vaccination...

Immunoengineering is a rapidly evolving field that has been driving innovations in manipulating immune system for new treatment tools and methods. The need for materials for immunoengineering applications has gained significant attention in recent years due to the growing demand for effective therapies that can target and regulate the immune system. Biologics and biomaterials are emerging as promising tools for controlling immune responses, and a wide variety of materials, including proteins, polymers, nanoparticles, and hydrogels, are being developed for this purpose...

The immune system of astronauts might become weakened in the microgravity environment in space, and the dormant varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in the body might be reactivated, seriously affecting their work and safety. For working in orbit for the long term, there is currently no efficient and durable delivery system of general vaccines in a microgravity environment. Accordingly, based on the previous foundation, we designed, modified, and synthesized a biodegradable and biocompatible copolymer, polyethylene glycol-polysulfamethazine carbonate urethane (PEG-PSCU) that could be mainly adopted to fabricate a novel sustained-release microneedle (S-R MN) patch...

The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) greatly limits the actual outcome of immunotherapy. Therefore, it is urgent to develop appropriate strategies to reshape the TME and ultimately induce a strong immune response. Here, we developed a dual-functional liposome loaded with the photothermal agent IR808 near the infrared region (NIR) and Toll-like-receptor-7 (TLR7) agonist loxoribine prodrug (Lipo@IR808@Loxo) to achieve NIR light-triggered photothermal therapy (PTT) and the targeted delivery of immune adjuvants...

Plants are increasingly used for the production of high-quality biological molecules for use as pharmaceuticals and biomaterials in industry. Plants have proved that they can produce life-saving therapeutic proteins (Elelyso™-Gaucher's disease treatment, ZMapp™-anti-Ebola monoclonal antibodies, seasonal flu vaccine, Covifenz™-SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particle vaccine); however, some of these therapeutic proteins are difficult to bring to market, which leads to serious difficulties for the manufacturing companies...

Light is well-established for control of bond breakage but not for control of specific bond formation in complex environments. We previously engineered the diffusion-limited reactivity of the SpyTag003 peptide with its protein partner SpyCatcher003 through spontaneous isopeptide bond formation. This system enables precise and irreversible assembly of biological building blocks with applications from biomaterials to vaccines. Here we establish a system for the rapid control of this amide bond formation with visible light...

Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative pathway in vaccine research and delivery. Nanovaccines, encompassing lipid and nonlipid formulations, exhibit considerable advantages over traditional vaccine techniques, including enhanced antigen stability, heightened immunogenicity, targeted distribution, and the potential for codelivery with adjuvants or immune modulators. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements and applications of lipid and non-lipid-based nanovaccines in current vaccination strategies for immunization...

There is limited knowledge regarding the blockade of cysteinyl leukotriene receptors (CysLTRs) and their effects in teleost fish. The present study investigated the effects of Zafirlukast, antagonist of CysLTR1 receptor, on the foreign body inflammatory reaction in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Zafirlukast-treated tilapia demonstrated a decrease in the formation of multinucleated foreign body giant cells and Langhans cells on the round glass coverslips implanted in the subcutaneous tissue, along with a significant reduction in white blood cell counts and decreased production of reactive oxygen species...

Aging is associated with immunological changes that compromise response to infections and vaccines, exacerbate inflammatory diseases and could potentially mitigate tissue repair. Even so, age-related changes to the immune response to tissue damage and regenerative medicine therapies remain unknown. Here, we characterized how aging induces changes in immunological signatures that inhibit tissue repair and therapeutic response to a clinical regenerative biological scaffold derived from extracellular matrix. Signatures of inflammation and interleukin (IL)-17 signaling increased with injury and treatment both locally and regionally in aged animals, and computational analysis uncovered age-associated senescent-T cell communication that promotes type 3 immunity in T cells...

Cancer immunotherapy is a groundbreaking strategy that has revolutionized the field of oncology compared to other therapeutic strategies, such as surgery, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy. However, cancer complexity, tumor heterogeneity, and immune escape have become the main hurdles to the clinical application of immunotherapy. Moreover, conventional immunotherapies cause many harmful side effects owing to hyperreactivity in patients, long treatment durations and expensive cost. Nanotechnology is considered a transformative approach that enhances the potency of immunotherapy by capitalizing on the superior physicochemical properties of nanocarriers, creating highly targeted tissue delivery systems...

Self-assembling nanoparticles (saNP) and nanofibers were found in the recombinant coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 S1, S2, RBD and N proteins purified by affinity chromatography using Ni Sepharose. Scanning electron (SEM), atomic force (AFM) microscopy on mica or graphite surface and in liquid as well as dynamic light scattering (DLS) revealed nanostructures of various sizes. AFM in liquid cell without drying on the surface showed mean sizes of S1 saNP 80.03 nm, polydispersity index (PDI) 0.078; for S2 saNP mean size 93...

Despite exciting achievements with some malignancies, immunotherapy for hypoimmunogenic cancers, especially glioblastoma (GBM), remains a formidable clinical challenge. Poor immunogenicity and deficient immune infiltrates are two major limitations to an effective cancer-specific immune response. Herein, we propose that an injectable signal-amplifying nanocomposite/hydrogel system consisting of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and imiquimod-loaded antigen-capturing nanoparticles can simultaneously amplify the chemotactic signal of antigen-presenting cells and the "danger" signal of GBM...

As natural adjuvants, the bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMV) hold great potential in cancer vaccines. However, the inherent immunotoxicity of OMV and the rarity of tumor-specific antigens seriously hamper the clinical translation of OMV-based cancer vaccines. Herein, metal-phenolic networks (MPNs) are used to attenuate the toxicity of OMV, meanwhile, provide tumor antigens via the chemodynamic effect induced immunogenic cell death (ICD). Specifically, MPNs are assembled on the OMV surface through the coordination reaction between ferric ions and tannic acid...

Tendon is similar to rope and consists of strong, flexible, dense connective tissue. Tendon disorder healing is challenging as it is an avascular tissue. The repaired tissue appears scar-like, and its biomechanical properties never ultimately return to their pre-injury state. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) on the hydroxyproline content of the Achilles tendon after injury. For this purpose, 24 adult rabbits weighing 1.5-2 kg were used in this study. The animals were divided into three groups of eight, including the advanced-PRF (A-PRF) group in which the tendon defect was treated with xenogeneic A-PRF, the leukocyte-PRF (L-PRF) group in which xenogeneic L-PRF was used for tendon defect treatment, and a control group which was treated with normal saline...