Resistant malaria

BACKGROUND OBJECTIVES: Widespread pyrethroid resistance and plastic-feeding behaviour of most malaria vectors across Africa threaten the efficacy of current insecticide-based vector control interventions like Insecticide-Treated Nets (ITNs) and Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS). This study examined the larvicidal activity ofMorinda citrifolia against Anopheles gambiae larvae and the repellent properties of Morinda citrifolia (Noni), Moringa oleifera (Moringa), and Ocimum basilicum (Basil) as complementary vector control tools against Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s...

BACKGROUND OBJECTIVES: Malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) remains a major public threat in India. Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) has been the country's first-line drug for uncomplicated Pf malaria. In 2013-2014, Artesunate plus sulfadoxine (AS+SP) was replaced by Artemether Lumefantrine (AL) as the first- line antimalarial in North East (NE) states of the country which are endemic for Pf malaria. Regular monitoring of antimalarial drugs is of utmost importance to achieve the goal of elimination...

Introduction. The first neonatal screening program in Colombia – PREGEN – was set up in the medical private sector of Bogotá in 1988. We report the results from recent years that, given the scarcity of similar information in our country, may help estimate the frequency of the evaluated neonatal disorders and which ones should be included in the neonatal screening programs in our country. Objective. To describe the results of PREGEN´s newborn screening program between 2006 and 2019. Materials and methods...

It is acknowledged there exists a trend pointing to a general failure to reduce the global incidence of malaria, and the world watches anxiously in the knowledge resistance to insecticides and drugs has been developing and will intensify. Anton Alexander attempts to remind the malaria community of a successful malaria elimination that began over one hundred years ago, and by examination of that malaria elimination, explain why current anti-malaria campaigns may be considered ineffective. Alexander has conducted historical research into the first start anywhere of a successful national malaria elimination campaign over 100 years ago, and in respect to which his research papers have been published by the MalariaWorld Journal, American Entomologist and Oxford University Press...

Malaria is a major public health problem, but many of the factors underlying the pathogenesis of this disease are not well understood. Here, we demonstrate in Malian children that susceptibility to febrile malaria following infection with Plasmodium falciparum is associated with the composition of the gut microbiome prior to the malaria season. Gnotobiotic mice colonized with the fecal samples of malaria-susceptible children had a significantly higher parasite burden following Plasmodium infection compared to gnotobiotic mice colonized with the fecal samples of malaria-resistant children...

The eradication of Plasmodium parasites, responsible for malaria, is a daunting global public health task. It requires a comprehensive approach that addresses symptomatic, asymptomatic, and submicroscopic cases. Overcoming this challenge relies on harnessing the power of molecular diagnostic tools, as traditional methods like microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests fall short in detecting low parasitaemia, contributing to the persistence of malaria transmission. By precisely identifying patients of all types and effectively characterizing malaria parasites, molecular tools may emerge as indispensable allies in the pursuit of malaria elimination...

The development of novel antiplasmodial compounds with broad-spectrum activity against different stages of Plasmodium parasites is crucial to prevent malaria disease and parasite transmission. This study evaluated the antiplasmodial activity of seven novel hydrazone compounds (referred to as CB compounds: CB-27, CB-41, CB-50, CB-53, CB-58, CB-59, and CB-61) against multiple stages of Plasmodium parasites. All CB compounds inhibited blood stage proliferation of drug-resistant or sensitive strains of Plasmodium falciparum in the low micromolar to nanomolar range...

One of the major challenges for malaria control and elimination is the spread and emergence of antimalarial drug resistance. Mutations in Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) and Plasmodium vivax (Pv) field isolates for five drug resistance genes viz. crt, mdr1, dhps, dhfr and kelch known to confer resistance to choloroquine (CQ), sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) and artemisinin (ART) and its derivatives were analyzed. A total of 342 symptomatic isolates of P. falciparum (Pf) and P. vivax (Pv) from 1993 to 2014 were retrieved from malaria parasite repository at National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR)...

BACKGROUND: Anti-malarial drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum is a major public health problem in malaria-endemic regions. Although various technical improvements in sequencing methods have been introduced to identify SNPs, the conventional approach with current tools does not discriminate mixed infections, and thus can be improved for more sensitive surveillance of anti-malarial resistance to better inform control strategies. METHODS: We developed a computational approach for deconvolution of chromatograms generated by standard Sanger sequencing of PCR amplicons in order to quantify molecular marker variants of anti-malarial drug resistance genes [Plasmodium falciparum dihydropteorate synthase (Pfdhps) and P...

BACKGROUND OBJECTIVES: The persistent threat of drug resistant malaria demands new cures. Low prevalence of malaria in the Indian state of Kerala compared with other proximal states made us explore if there is any traditional practice in Kerala which may confer protection against malaria. In this context, our attention was drawn to 'Pathimugam' i.e., Ceasalpinia sappan whose heartwood is used to prepare a red aqueous extract which is a uniquely popular drink in Kerala. METHODS: Aqueous and methanolic extracts of various organs of C...

BACKGROUND OBJECTIVES: At present the use of synthetic pesticides to manage insects and other arthropods creates a number of issues that are related to the environment and public health. The goal of the present study was to find the repellent activity of Vitex negundo and Curcuma longa herbal extract against the wild species Simulium (blackfly) bite. METHODS: We have studied Simulium biting behavior and tested the repellency of herbal extract obtained from Vitex negundo L...

Vector transmitted diseases are accountable for more than 17% of all infectious disease cases worldwide according to World Health Organization. Insect vectors play a key role in transmitting diseases and loss of lives. Modified and advanced vector control strategies with chemical insecticides are needed as vectors are resistant to a particular insecticide. Moreover, chemical control is cost-inductive and may give rise to health issues. In this review, bioacoustics have been narrated as a novel technology for eco-friendly and cost-effective control of insect vectors...

Malaria is a global health problem that causes 1.5-2.7 million deaths worldwide each year. Resistance to antimalarial drugs in malaria parasites and to insecticides in vectors is one of the most serious issues in the fight against the disease. Moreover, the lack of an effective vaccine against malaria is still a major concern. Recent developments in nanotechnology have resulted in new prospects for the fight against malaria, especially by obtaining metal nanoparticles (NPs) that are less toxic, highly biocompatible, environmentally friendly, and less expensive...

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BACKGROUND: Achieving effective control and elimination of malaria in endemic regions necessitates a comprehensive understanding of local mosquito species responsible for malaria transmission and their susceptibility to insecticides. METHODS: The study was conducted in the highly malaria prone Ujina Primary Health Center of Nuh (Mewat) district of Haryana state of India. Monthly entomological surveys were carried out for adult mosquito collections via indoor resting collections, light trap collections, and pyrethrum spray collections...

Systems for disease vector control should be effective, efficient, and flexible to be able to tackle contemporary challenges and threats in the control and elimination of vector-borne diseases. As a priority activity towards the strengthening of vector control systems, it has been advocated that countries conduct a vector-control needs assessment. A review was carried out of the perceived needs for disease vector control programs among eleven countries and subnational states in South Asia and the Middle East...

The protozoan parasites Plasmodium falciparum, Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma cruzi continue to exert a significant toll on the disease landscape of the human population in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. Control measures have helped reduce the burden of their respective diseases-malaria, leishmaniasis and Chagas disease-in endemic regions. However, the need for new drugs, innovative vaccination strategies and molecular markers of disease severity and outcomes has emerged because of developing antimicrobial drug resistance, comparatively inadequate or absent vaccines, and a lack of trustworthy markers of morbid outcomes...

Current malaria elimination targets must withstand a colossal challenge-resistance to the current gold standard antimalarial drug, namely artemisinin derivatives. If artemisinin resistance significantly expands to Africa or India, cases and malaria-related deaths are set to increase substantially. Spatial information on the changing levels of artemisinin resistance in Southeast Asia is therefore critical for health organisations to prioritise malaria control measures, but available data on artemisinin resistance are sparse...

Pathogens such as Plasmodium, Babesia, and Theileria invade and multiply within host red blood cells, leading to the pathological consequences of malaria, babesiosis and theileriosis. Establishing continuous in vitro culture systems and suitable animal models is crucial for studying these pathogens. This review spotlights the B. duncani "in culture-in mouse (ICIM)" model as a promising resource for advancing research on the biology, pathogenicity, and virulence of intraerythrocytic parasites. The model offers practical benefits, encompassing well-defined culture conditions, ease of manipulation and a well-annotated genome...

Infection with Plasmodium falciparum is often deadly when it results in cerebral malaria, which is associated with neuropathology described as an overwhelming inflammatory response and mechanical obstruction of cerebral microvascular. PI3Kγ is a critical component of intracellular signal transduction and plays a central role in regulating cell chemotaxis, migration, and activation. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between inhibiting the PI3Kγ pathway and the outcome of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) in C57BL/6J mice infected with the mouse malaria parasite, Plasmodium berghei ANKA...