TB-HIV

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) are the leading infectious causes of death globally. The combined brunt of these diseases is experienced mainly in low-income and lower-middle-income countries. HIV/TB have devastating effects on the kidneys, leading to accelerated decline of kidney function as well as mortality. Managing the triad of TB/HIV and kidney disease is challenging. We discuss the epidemiology of HIV/TB coinfection and the kidney and the key mechanisms of kidney disease including genetic susceptibility...

BACKGROUND: In low- and middle-income countries countries, millions of deaths occur annually from household air pollution (HAP), pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), and HIV-infection. However, it is unknown whether HAP influences PTB risk among people living with HIV-infection. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study among 1,277 HIV-infected adults in Bukavu, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (February 2018 - March 2019). Cases had current or recent (<5y) PTB (positive sputum smear or Xpert MTB/RIF), controls had no PTB...

BACKGROUND: South Africa adopted the decentralised Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (DR-TB) care model in 2011 with a view of improving clinical outcomes. AIM: This study explores the experiences and perceptions of patients and family members on the effectiveness of a decentralised community DR-TB care model in the Oliver Reginald Kaizana (OR) Tambo district municipality of the Eastern Cape, South Africa. METHOD: In this phenomenological qualitative research design, a semi-structured interview with prompts was conducted on 30 participants (15 patients and 15 family members)...

OBJECTIVES: A growing interest in healthcare costs and patients' health-related quality of life (HRQoL) exists in the context of the increasing importance of health technology assessment in countries with high numbers of the HIV and tuberculosis (TB) patient populations, such as Indonesia. This study aimed to analyze the HRQoL and out-of-pocket (OOP) costs of HIV, TB, and TB/HIV coinfected participants in a city in Indonesia with a high prevalence of HIV and TB. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in the voluntary counseling and testing and lung clinics of Bekasi City Public Hospital (Indonesia) from January to March 2018...

Previously, an increase in clinical effectiveness of the antituberculosis treatment (ATT) and antiretroviral therapy (ART) in case of additional immunoglobulin G (IgG) administration in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)/HIV coinfection was reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of IgG administration in addition to the standard second-line ATT and ART on the humoral immunity status in patients with MDR-TB/HIV coinfection immune deficiency. The study involved 52 patients living with HIV with MDR-TB coinfection and CD4+ lymphocyte cell count below 50 cells/μCL...

Diagnosis of TB at early stages of HIV infection may lead to timely intervention for improving patient outcome. Antibodies to Mycobacterium tuberculosis recombinant RpfB protein and two immunodominant peptides of Rpf B protein were evaluated in the sera of HIV + TB+ , HIV+ and HIV- pulmonary TB patients by ELISA. Serum antibodies from 90 % and 65 % of HIV+ TB+ patients reacted to recombinant RpfB protein and synthetic peptide RpfP1 respectively. Overall, this study shows that resuscitation promoting factor B elicits humoral antibody response in HIV+ TB+ co-infected individuals and be proposed as a potential biomarker for diagnosis of HIV+ TB+ patients, however further longitudinal follow up studies are warranted...

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) potentially exacerbates drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB). We describe the clinical presentation and outcomes of three patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), DR-TB and COVID-19. CASE ONE: A virologically suppressed 31-year-old man on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and multidrug-resistant (MDR)-TB treatment presented with mild COVID-19 and was hospitalised for 10 days of clinical monitoring, despite being clinically stable with normal baseline inflammatory markers...

Diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI) in science is vital to improve the scientific process and ensure societal uptake and application of scientific results. DEI challenges include a full spectrum of issues from the lack of, and promotion of, women in science, to the numerous barriers in place that limit representation of African scientists in global scientific efforts. DEI principles in African science remain relatively underdeveloped, with limited engagement and discussion among all stakeholders to ensure that initiatives are relevant to local environments...

PURPOSE: Major adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are the leading causes of poor adherence, switching of drugs, morbidity, and mortality. A limited studies was conducted to investigate major ADR in developing countries including Ethiopia, and the purpose of this study was to assess the incidence and predictors of major ADRs among HIV-infected children receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in West Amhara Comprehensive Specialized Hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia. METHODS: An institutional-based retrospective follow-up study was conducted among 460 children receiving ART from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2021...

Infectious diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis (TB), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) are problematic globally, with high prevalence particularly in Africa, attributing to most of the death rates. There have been immense efforts toward developing effective preventative and therapeutic strategies for these pathogens globally, however, some remain uncured. Disease susceptibility and progression for malaria, TB, HIV, and COVID-19 vary among individuals and are attributed to precautionary measures, environment, host, and pathogen genetics...

In Zimbabwe, artisanal and small-scale miners (ASMs) have a high prevalence of tuberculosis (TB), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and silicosis. Previous studies on ASMs utilised programme data, and it was not possible to understand reasons for the high prevalence of these comorbidities. We conducted a cross-sectional study to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of ASMs regarding TB, HIV, and silicosis. We enrolled a convenience sample of 652 ASMs. Their mean (standard deviation) age was 34...

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence rate of HIV and diabetes among tuberculosis (TB) patients and also the comorbidity rate. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. Setting . This study was carried out at the Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Regional Hospital Bamenda, North West Region of Cameroon, from January 2017 to December 2019. Participants . 1115 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis aged ≥14 years (mean 42.5 ± 15.28 years). METHODS: Sputum samples collected were acid-fast stained and examined macroscopically as well as inoculated for culture...

BACKGROUND: Whether HIV infection adversely affects exposure to first-line TB drugs in children is debatable. It is also not known whether HIV infection increases the risk of plasma underexposure or overexposure to TB drugs. This study sought to address these questions. DESIGN/METHODS: Children on TB treatment were enrolled. After 4 weeks on therapy, blood samples were collected at pre-dose, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 h post-dose for pharmacokinetic analysis. Plasma drug exposure below and above the lower and upper bounds of the 95% confidence intervals of the reference mean for children were considered underexposure and overexposure, respectively...

BACKGROUND: A disproportionate number of new HIV infections in South Africa are among female sex workers; pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention is freely available to female sex workers in the country, but unique barriers challenge PrEP persistence. TB HIV Care, a large South African non-profit organisation that provides daily oral PrEP (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine), has implemented multiple strategies to improve PrEP persistence. We aimed to evaluate the effect of different implementation strategies on PrEP persistence in a large-scale real-world setting...

Objectives Our study aims to re-evaluate the epidemiological profile and treatment outcomes of TB patients enrolled at the chest clinic of a tertiary care center after the third wave of COVID-19 in New Delhi. Patients and methods We have conducted an observational analytical study after taking the IEC approval from October 2022 to February 2022 on the TB patients enrolled from March 2022 to August 2022. The total data of 1114 TB patients was analyzed. The association between various factors and treatment outcomes was assessed using the chi-square test...

Coinfection of HIV and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) presents significant challenges in terms of the treatment and prognosis of tuberculosis, leading to complexities in managing the disease and impacting the overall outcome for TB patients. This study presents a remarkable case of a patient with MDR-TB and HIV coinfection who survived for over 8 years, despite poor treatment adherence and comorbidities. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of the infecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) strain revealed a unique genomic deletion, spanning 18 genes, including key genes involved in hypoxia response, intracellular survival, immunodominant antigens, and dormancy...

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate effects of TB-HIV co-treatment on clinical and growth outcomes in children with HIV (CHIV). DESIGN: Longitudinal study among Kenyan hospitalized ART-naive CHIV in the PUSH trial (NCT02063880). METHODS: CHIV started ART within 2 weeks of enrollment; Anti-TB therapy was initiated based on clinical and TB diagnostics. Children were followed for 6 months with serial viral load, CD4%, and growth assessments (weight-for-age [WAZ], height-for-age [HAZ], and weight-for-height [WHZ])...

INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis (TB) was the leading cause of death from an infectious agent worldwide, until the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, ranking above HIV/AIDS. Nigeria ranks 6th among the 30 TB high-burden countries (TB, TB/HIV, DRTB) and 1st in Africa. The estimated case fatality rate (CFR) of TB in Sub-Sahara Africa (SSA) is 15%. OBJECTIVE: To review the Tuberculosis case fatality rate (TCFR) in children diagnosed with TB from 2000-2019 in Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe...

INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis (TB) remains the leading cause of death among human immune deficiency virus (HIV) patients. Based on the 2020 global TB report, Ethiopia was among the 30 high TB and TB/HIV burden countries. This study filled gaps regarding IPT uptake in the study area and representative sample determination for assessing TB incidence and its predictors at public health facilities in Illubabor and Buno Bedelle zones, south-west Ethiopia. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study was conducted among people living with HIV (PLHIV) who were on antiretroviral therapy (ART) at public health facilities in Illubabor and Buno Bedelle zones, south-west Ethiopia...

BACKGROUND: In tuberculosis (TB) control, nonadherence to treatment persists as a barrier. The traditional method of ensuring adherence, that is, directly observed therapy, faces significant challenges that hinder its widespread adoption. Digital adherence technologies such as video directly observed therapy (VDOT) are emerging as promising solutions. However, as these novel technologies gain momentum, a critical gap is the lack of comprehensive studies evaluating their efficacy and the unique experiences of patients in Africa...