Membrane filtration waterborne disease

Human enteric viruses are important etiological agents of waterborne diseases. Environmental waters are usually contaminated with low virus concentration requiring large concentration factors for effective detection by (RT)-qPCR. Low-pressure reverse osmosis is often used to remove water contaminants, but very few studies focused on the effective virus removal of reverse osmosis treatment with feed concentrations as close as possible to environmental concentrations and principally relied on theoretical virus removal...

Water pollution poses significant threats to both ecosystems and human health. Mitigating this issue requires effective treatment of domestic wastewater to convert waste into bio-fertilizers and gas. Neglecting liquid waste treatment carries severe consequences for health and the environment. This review focuses on intelligent technologies for water and wastewater treatment, targeting waterborne diseases. It covers pollution prevention and purification methods, including hydrotherapy, membrane filtration, mechanical filters, reverse osmosis, ion exchange, and copper-zinc cleaning...

Waterborne pathogens present major public health concerns because of the associated high mortality, morbidity and cost of treatment. Consumption of and contact with water contaminated by faeces is a significant risk factor for transmitting these organisms to humans. Their detection in a water sample is critical to ascertain potential risks to humans. They are relatively low in concentrations in surface waters, making their detection a challenge. Campylobacter is targeted here because it is one of the leading causes of enteric diseases globally, and consensus on the superiority of centrifugation over filtration, and vice versa, to recover Campylobacter spp...

Pathogenic viruses (e.g., Enteroviruses, Noroviruses, Rotaviruses, and Adenovirus) present in wastewater, even at low concentrations, can cause serious waterborne diseases. Improving water treatment to enhance viral removal is of paramount significance, especially given the COVID-19 pandemic. This study incorporated microwave-enabled catalysis into membrane filtration and evaluated viral removal using a model bacteriophage (MS2) as a surrogate. Microwave irradiation effectively penetrated the PTFE membrane module and enabled surface oxidation reactions on the membrane-coated catalysts (i...

Filtration has emerged as a critical technology to reduce waterborne diseases caused by poor water quality. Filtration technology presents key challenges, such as membrane selectivity, permeability and biofouling. Nanomaterials can offer solutions to these challenges by varying the membranes' mechanical and bactericidal properties. This research uses nanodiamond particles with facile surface functionality and biocompatibility properties that are added to membranes used for filtration treatments. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were performed to study the membrane surface...

Chlorine-based disinfection for drinking water treatment (DWT) was one of the 20th century's great public health achievements, as it substantially reduced the risk of acute microbial waterborne disease. However, today's chlorinated drinking water is not unambiguously safe; trace levels of regulated and unregulated disinfection byproducts (DBPs), and other known, unknown, and emerging contaminants (KUECs), present chronic risks that make them essential removal targets. Because conventional chemical-based DWT processes do little to remove DBPs or KUECs, alternative approaches are needed to minimize risks by removing DBP precursors and KUECs that are ubiquitous in water supplies...

Water contamination is a global health problem, and the need for safe water is ever-growing due to the public health implications of unsafe water. Contaminated water could contain pathogenic bacteria, protozoa, and viruses that are implicated in several debilitating human diseases. The prevalence and survival of waterborne viruses differ from bacteria and other waterborne microorganisms. In addition, viruses are responsible for more severe waterborne diseases such as gastroenteritis, myocarditis, and encephalitis among others, hence the need for dedicated attention to viral inactivation...

Legionella are opportunistic intracellular pathogens that are found throughout the environment. The Legionella contamination of water systems represents a serious social problem that can lead to severe diseases, which can manifest as both Pontiac fever and Legionnaires' disease (LD) infections. Fluorescence in situ hybridization using nucleic acid mimic probes (NAM-FISH) is a powerful and versatile technique for bacterial detection. By optimizing a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) sequence based on fluorescently selective binding to specific bacterial rRNA sequences, we established a new PNA-FISH method that has been successfully designed for the specific detection of the genus Legionella ...

Point-of-use ceramic filters are one of the strategies to address problems associated with waterborne diseases to remove harmful microorganisms in water sources prior to its consumption. In this study, development of adsorption-based ceramic depth filters composed of alumina platelets was achieved using spray granulation (calcined at 800 °C). Their virus retention performance was assessed using cartridges containing granular material (4 g) with two virus surrogates: MS2 and fr bacteriophages. Both materials showed complete removal, with a 7 log10 reduction value (LRV) of MS2 up to 1 L...

Still ∼10% of world's population has no sustainable access to centralized water supply system, causing millions of deaths annually by waterborne diseases. Here, we develop polypyrrole nanowire arrays (PPyNWs)-modified electrodes by polymerization of pyrrole on graphite felt for point-of-use water disinfection via low-voltage electroporation. A flow-through mode is specially applied to alleviate diffusion barrier of pyrrole in the porous graphite felt for uniform PPyNWs growth. The flow-through disinfection device using the optimized PPyNWs electrode achieves above 4-log removal for model virus (MS2) and gram-positive/negative bacteria (E...

BACKGROUND: Biological deterioration of drinking water is the major cause of waterborne disease globally. However, there is a paucity of information on identifying the point where deterioration of the bacteriological quality of drinking water occurs (source or point of use) and associated factors among households in developing countries, especially in Ethiopia. METHOD: A community based cross-sectional study design was conducted among 425 households in Eastern Ethiopia...

The pandemic of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has brought viruses into the public horizon. Since viruses can pose a threat to human health in a low concentration range, seeking efficient virus removal methods has been the research hotspots in the past few years. Herein, a total of 1060 research papers were collected from the Web of Science database to identify technological trends as well as the research status. Based on the analysis results, this review elaborates on the state-of-the-art of membrane filtration and disinfection technologies for the treatment of virus-containing wastewater and drinking water...

Waterborne viral infections represent a major threat to fish health. For many viruses, understanding the interplay between pathogens, host and environment presents a major hurdle for transmission. Salmonid alphavirus (SAV) can infect and cause pancreas disease (PD) in farmed salmonids in seawater. During infection, SAV is excreted from infected fish to the seawater. We evaluated two types of filters and four different eluents, for concentration of SAV3. One L of seawater was spiked with SAV3, followed by filtration and virus elution from membrane filters...

Evaluating the efficacy of disinfection processes to inactivate human enteric viruses is important for the prevention and control of waterborne diseases caused by exposure to those viruses via drinking water. Here, we evaluated the inactivation of two representative human enteric viruses (adenovirus type 40 [AdV] and coxsackievirus B5 [CV]) by thermal or free-chlorine disinfection. In addition, we compared the infectivity reduction ratio of a plant virus (pepper mild mottle virus [PMMoV], a recently proposed novel surrogate for human enteric viruses for the assessment of virus removal by coagulation‒rapid sand filtration and membrane filtration) with that of the two human enteric viruses to assess the suitability of PMMoV as a human enteric virus surrogate for use in thermal and free-chlorine disinfection processes...

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) that cause human disease can be isolated from household tap water. Easy-to-use physical methods to reduce NTM from this potential source of exposure are needed. Filters and UV disinfection have been evaluated for their ability to reduce numbers of waterborne non-NTM organisms from drinking water, but their efficacy in reducing NTM counts are not well-established. Thus, five commercially available disinfection methods were evaluated for their potential as practical, efficient, and low-cost methods to reduce NTM from tap water...

The prevalence of many waterborne diseases and the increased mortality rate starting from children to adult persons rises the need to purify water before consumption. Owing to the number of advantages associated with membrane filtration technologies, they are widely being implemented across the world for the production of pathogen free water. This article hence focuses on numerous such examples of using membrane technology in the production of drinking water. Membranes are even being coated with various materials to enhance their surface properties such as electrostatic and hydrophobic attraction capacity to aid for such separation...

This study was carried out to assess the physicochemical and bacteriological contaminants of surface, shallow well and municipal borehole waters in part of the western Niger Delta as a way of safeguarding public health against waterborne diseases. A total of 72 water samples collected from the study area were analysed and their results show that the pH average value ranges from 6.2 in the dry to 8.5 in the rainy seasons for surface water, 6.6 and 8.3 for shallow well water and 6.5 to 8.4 for borehole water...

As contact with high concentrations of pathogens in a waterbody can cause waterborne diseases, Escherichia coli is commonly used as an indicator of water quality in routine public health monitoring of recreational freshwater ecosystems. However, traditional processes of detection and enumeration of pathogen indicators can be costly and are not time-sensitive enough to alarm recreational users. The predictive models developed to produce real-time predictions also have various methodological challenges, including arbitrary selection of explanatory variables, deterministic statistical approach, and heavy reliance on correlation instead of the more rigorous multivariate regression analyses, among others...

BACKGROUND: The protozoan Giardia and Cryptosporidium are responsible for most water-borne diseases all over the world. The extent and number of outbreaks of waterborne diseases suggests a significant risk of their potential transmission via drinking water. This study aimed to document the prevalence and viability of Giardia and Cryptosporidium (oo) cysts in tap water samples in Beni-Suef Governorate, Egypt and to detect the predominant Giardia and Cryptosporidium assemblages/species using nested PCR/ Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) confirmed by further sequencing of positive samples...

Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve (GBNERR) is an important ecosystem in the Mississippi Gulf Coast. The GBNERR may be a potential source for contamination with anthropogenic bacterial pathogens that may play a significant role in the causation of waterborne human diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the interaction of physicochemical and microbiological water quality parameters at the GBNERR, determine quantitative levels and establish the potential for remediation of post-contamination of water and seafood by human fecal pollution from anthropogenic sources at the reserve...