Viral a hepatitis

The use of nucleos(t)ide analogs (NAs) is recommended for mothers with a high viral load of hepatitis B virus (HBV) during the second or third trimester of pregnancy. However, postpartum hepatitis flares can occur in some cases. We examined the efficacy of NA administration for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus, and evaluated the risk of postpartum hepatitis flares in mothers after NA discontinuation. Nine pregnant women with a high viral load (HBV DNA ≥5.3 log IU/mL) received tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) at approximately 28 weeks of gestation, and TDF was discontinued at 4-10 weeks after delivery...

Hepatitis C is regarded as a global health issue caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. HCV is targeted for elimination by 2030 as a global public health goal. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has changed human circulation and prevented access to diagnostics and treatment to many other diseases, including hepatitis C. COVID-19 impacted HCV global elimination efforts with implications not fully comprehended yet. The high genetic variability in HCV makes the development of vaccines and pan-genotypic drug therapies a difficult task...

INTRODUCTION: Methotrexate (MTX) is effective for treating psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, but its potential hepatoxicity remains a concern. Liver biopsy, the gold standard for detecting MTX-induced liver injury, is invasive and carries considerable risk. Transient elastography (TE) offers a non-invasive alternative for detecting advanced liver fibrosis. This study investigated the performance of TE in detecting MTX-induced liver fibrosis among Chinese psoriasis patients, compared with liver biopsy...

The escalating spread of drug-resistant bacteria and viruses is a grave concern for global health. Nucleic acids dominate the drug-resistance and transmission of pathogenic microbes. Here, imidazolium-type poly(ionic liquid)/porphyrin (PIL-P) based electrospun nanofibrous membrane and its cerium (IV) ion complex (PIL-P-Ce) are developed. The obtained PIL-P-Ce membrane exhibits high and stable efficiency in eradicating various microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, and viruses) and decomposing microbial antibiotic resistance genes and viral nucleic acids under light...

The clearance or transcriptional silencing of integrated HBV DNA is crucial for achieving a functional cure in patients with chronic hepatitis B and reducing the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma development. The PLC/PRF/5 cell line is commonly used as an in vitro model for studying HBV integration. In this study, we employed a range of multi-omics techniques to gain a panoramic understanding of the characteristics of HBV integration in PLC/PRF/5 cells and to reveal the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of integrated HBV DNA...

OBJECTIVE: The impact of hepatitis B virus (HBV) on the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains a controversial topic. This study aims to analyze the causal relationship between HBV and T2D using Mendelian randomization (MR). METHODS: Single nucleotide polymorphisms on chronic hepatitis B (CHB), liver fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, and T2D were obtained from BioBank Japan Project, European Bioinformatics Institute, and FinnGen. Mendelian randomization was utilized to evaluate exposure-outcome causality...

The WHO African Region had 81 million people with chronic hepatitis B in 2019, which remains a silent killer. Hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis delta virus (HDV), and HIV can be transmitted from the mother to child. If the HBV infection is acquired at infancy, it may lead to chronic hepatitis B in 90% of the cases. WHO reports that 6.4 million children under 5 years live with chronic hepatitis B infection worldwide. The prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HBV is therefore critical in the global elimination strategy of viral hepatitis as we take lessons from PMTCT of HIV programs in Africa...

BACKGROUND: The human population in Guyana, located on the South American continent, is vulnerable to zoonotic diseases due to an appreciable reliance on Neotropical wildlife as a food source and for trade. An existing suboptimal health surveillance system may affect the effective monitoring of important zoonotic diseases. To effectively address this deficit, a One Health zoonotic disease prioritization workshop was conducted to identify nationally significant zoonoses. METHODS: Prioritization of zoonotic diseases was conducted for the first time in Guyana & Caribbean region using literature review, prioritization criteria and a risk prioritization tool in combination with a consultative One Health workshop...

BACKGROUND: Protease 3C (3Cpro) is the only protease encoded in the human hepatitis A virus genome and is considered a potential target for antiviral drugs due to its critical role in the viral life cycle. Additionally, 3Cpro has been identified as a potent inducer of ferroptosis, a newly described type of cell death. Therefore, studying the molecular mechanism of 3Cpro functioning can provide new insights into viral-host interaction and the biological role of ferroptosis. However, such studies require a reliable technique for producing the functionally active recombinant enzyme...

Hepatitis C, a particularly dangerous form of viral hepatitis caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, is a major socio-economic and public health problem. Due to the rapid development of deep learning, it has become a common practice to apply deep learning to the healthcare industry to improve the effectiveness and accuracy of disease identification. In order to improve the effectiveness and accuracy of hepatitis C detection, this study proposes an improved denoising autoencoder (IDAE) and applies it to hepatitis C disease detection...

Due to the comprehensive hepatitis B virus vaccination program in Taiwan since 1986, the development of antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis C infection and covered by National health insurance. Besides, the increased prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and currently, approved therapy for NAFLD remain developing. The etiology of liver-related diseases such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma required reinterpretation. This study aimed to analyze the incidence and outcome of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) due to viral (hepatitis B and hepatitis C) infection compared to that of nonviral etiology...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its progressive variant, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), constitute a burgeoning worldwide epidemic with no FDA-approved pharmacotherapies. The multifunctional immunometabolic receptor, fatty acid translocase CD36 (CD36), plays an important role in the progression of hepatic steatosis. O-GlcNAcylation is a crucial posttranslational modification that mediates the distribution and function of CD36, but its involvement in NAFLD remains poorly understood...

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is comprised of two predominant subtypes: type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), accounting for approximately 5 % of cases worldwide and resulting from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing β-cells, and type 2 (T2DM), accounting for approximately 95 % of cases globally and characterized by the inability of pancreatic β-cells to meet the demand for insulin due to a relative β-cell deficit in the setting of peripheral insulin resistance. Both types of DM involve derangement of glucose metabolism and are metabolic diseases generally considered to be initiated by a combination of genetic and environmental factors...

296 million people worldwide are predisposed to developing severe end-stage liver diseases due to chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. HBV forms covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) molecules that persist as episomal DNA in the nucleus of infected hepatocytes and drive viral replication. Occasionally, the HBV genome becomes integrated into host chromosomal DNA, a process that is believed to significantly contribute to circulating HBsAg levels and HCC development. Neither cccDNA accumulation nor expression from integrated HBV DNA are directly targeted by current antiviral treatments...

The study reveals main methodological approaches in monitoring and evaluating role of socially significant infectious diseases in reducing quality of public health in the Russian Federation. The article proposes at population level the grouping of main risk factors affecting quality of public health, exemplified by epidemiology of tuberculosis. The purpose of the study is to develop methodology of exploration of impact of socially significant infections on decreasing of quality of public health exemplified by epidemiology of tuberculosis as infectious disease that is well studied in medical social aspects and having fully functioning TB control and high level monitoring system...

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a hematologic condition characterized by decreased circulating platelets, resulting in bruising, bleeding gums, and internal bleeding. This disorder can be categorized into two primary forms based on the duration of symptoms and underlying causes. Acute ITP primarily affects young children, typically between the ages of two and six, but it can also impact older children and adults. Viral infections like chickenpox, respiratory infections, or gastroenteritis often precede it...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Disease progression of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is driven by the interactions between viral replication and the host immune response against the infection. This study aimed to clarify the relationship between HBV replication and hepatic inflammation during disease progression. METHODS: Two cross-sectional, one validation cohort, and meta-analyses were used to explore the relationship between HBV replication and liver inflammation...

AIM: A nationwide survey in 2018 showed decreasing involvement of viral hepatitis and increasing involvement of nonviral liver diseases in the etiology of liver cirrhosis (LC) in Japan. An updated nationwide survey was undertaken in 2023. METHODS: Cases of LC diagnosed between 2018 and 2021 were collected from 75 institutions, and the etiologies of LC were investigated. In addition, the data obtained were compared with the results of previous studies. RESULTS: Among the 15 517 cases, alcohol-related liver disease (ALD)-associated LC was the most frequent cause (n = 5,487, 35...

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the causative agent of foodborne infections occurring in high income countries mainly by consumption of undercooked and raw pork products. The virus is zoonotic with pigs and wild boars as the main reservoirs. Several studies proved the presence of HEV-RNA in pork liver sausages, pâté and other pork by-products. However, the detection of HEV nucleic acids does not necessary correspond to infectious virus and information on the persistence of the virus in the food is still limited...

Zoonotic hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is an emerging global public health concern, and understanding the dynamics of HEV transmission between animals and humans is crucial for public health. Animal models are critical to advancing the understanding of HEV pathogenesis, drug screening, vaccine development, and other related areas. Here, we provide an overview of recent studies investigating the cross-species transmission of HEV, and also delve into the current research and application of animal HEV infection models including non-human primates, rodents, pigs, and chickens, offering a comprehensive assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of each model...