Exposure keratopathy

PURPOSE: Ocular injuries due to Hymenoptera venom are uncommon and most injuries occur on the ocular surface. We reported two rare cases of corneal endothelial damage caused by hornet venom that was sprayed, not injected, through stinging in the eye. OBSERVATIONS: Case 1 : A 57-year-old male patient was injured when a hornet sprayed venom into his left eye. He was referred to our hospital because the edoema and epithelial erosion of the cornea persisted. The patient presented with bullous keratopathy, asymmetrical iris atrophy, irreversible mydriasis, and glaucoma...

Climatic droplet keratopathy (CDK) is characterized by an increased number of oil-like deposits on the most anterior corneal layers, which affect vision and can cause blindness. Environmental ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure is a major risk factor, but the underlying mechanism of CDK pathogenesis is unclear. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that miRNAs participate in the cross-talk with oxidative stress. We aimed to explore whether certain miRNAs are involved in the pathogenesis of CDK. We performed miRNA sequencing of tears from patients with CDK and healthy individuals from Tacheng region of Xinjiang and conducted bioinformatic analysis of key miRNAs...

PURPOSE: To report a case of acute exposure keratopathy with comorbid depression and improvement of both conditions with the use of a scleral lens (SL). OBSERVATIONS: A 72-year-old male with a past ocular history significant for extensive basal cell carcinoma (BCC) excision of the right upper and lower eyelids presented for evaluation of exposure keratitis and consideration of a SL for the right eye. Examination was notable for post-surgical irregular lid margins with lagophthalmos, trichiasis and an Oxford Grade I staining of the central exposed cornea...

Sulfur mustard gas (SM) is a vesicating and alkylating agent used as a chemical weapon in many mass-casualty incidents since World War I. Ocular injuries were reported in >90% of exposed victims. The mechanisms underlying SM-induced blindness remain elusive. This study tested the hypothesis that SM-induced corneal fibrosis occurs due to the generation of myofibroblasts from resident fibroblasts via the SMAD2/3 signaling pathway in rabbit eyes in vivo and primary human corneal fibroblasts (hCSFs) isolated from donor corneas in vitro...

PURPOSE: To reveal early intervention outcomes for patients describing with choroidal metastasis. METHODS: A retrospective interventional case series on 27 eyes of 22 patients treated for choroidal metastasis with external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) With and without intravitreal injections. The prescribed radiation dose was a mean and median 30 Gy (range of 30-40 Gy in 180-200 cGy daily fractions). Outcome measures included change in tumor thickness, subretinal fluid, visual acuity, radiation oculopathy, and survival...

PURPOSE: To report the ophthalmic findings and ocular complications in a large cohort of pediatric patients with facial nerve palsy (FNP). METHODS: Ocular data of children (≤16 years of age) diagnosed with FNP presenting to an eye care network from 2012 to 2021 were analyzed. Study parameters were etiology of FNP, ocular and imaging findings, degree of lagophthalmos, and degree of vision loss. Clinical characteristics were compared between those with and without moderate-to-severe vision impairment (best-corrected visual acuity <20/50) and those with and without exposure keratopathy at presentation...

Exposure to mustard agents, such as sulfur mustard (SM) and nitrogen mustard (NM), often results in ocular surface damage. This can lead to the emergence of various corneal disorders that are collectively referred to as mustard gas keratopathy (MGK). In this study, we aimed to develop a mouse model of MGK by using ocular NM exposure, and describe the subsequent structural changes analyzed across the different layers of the cornea. A 3 μL solution of 0.25 mg/mL NM was applied to the center of the cornea via a 2-mm filter paper for 5 min...

Lipid keratopathy (LK) is a rare disease involving lipid deposition in the cornea resulting in corneal opacification. Primary LK can arise sporadically while secondary LK is seen in patients with a history of ocular trauma, medication exposure, infection, inflammation, or disorders resulting in derangements of lipid metabolism. Secondary LK is more common and occurs due to neovascularization. Use of precipitating medications should be considered in LK workup, particularly for patients in whom other etiologies have been ruled out...

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common lymphoid malignancy in adults. It is an aggressive malignancy and requires a multidisciplinary approach with various modalities which include chemotherapy, radiotherapy as well as immunotherapy. A 63-year-old Malay male patient with underlying type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and stage II chronic kidney disease presented with a one-month history of bilateral eye proptosis associated with lid swelling and red eye. He also complained of progressive right eye blurring of vision...

Objective: The aim of this report is to present the diagnostic and therapeutic approach in a case of non-specific orbital inflammation complicated with sight-threatening exposure keratopathy. Case presentation: An 81-year-old female patient presented to our Ophthalmology Department for left, painful, unilateral exophthalmia and decreased vision in the same eye. The clinical examination revealed left proptosis, inferior dystopia, upper lid edema, erythema and moderate retraction, ocular motility restriction, chemosis and corneal epithelial defect...

BACKGROUND: Cancer is no longer treated on the basis of its histological lineage alone; more and more drugs are being developed that are directed toward specific molecular and immunological features. Monoclonal antibodies are one type of selectively acting therapeutic agent. As part of this development, antibody-drug conjugates ("ADCs") have been approved in recent years for the treatment of hematologic and solid malignancies. METHODS: This review is based on pertinent articles retrieved by a selective search in PubMed, as well as on papers presented at international congresses of specialist societies such as the European Society for Medical Oncology, the American Society of Clinical Oncology, and the American Association for Cancer Research, and information published on the websites of the European Medicines Agency, the Food and Drug Administration, and the German Joint Federal Committee...

PURPOSE: To characterize the association between dark-adapted rod and cone sensitivity and retinal structure in PAX6-related aniridia. METHODS: Dark-adaptation curves were measured after a 5-minute exposure to bright light with red (625 nm) and green (527 nm) 2° circular light stimuli presented at ≈20° temporal retinal eccentricity in 27 participants with aniridia (nine males; 11-66 years old) and 38 age-matched healthy controls. A two-stage exponential model was fitted to each participant's responses to determine their cone and rod thresholds over time...

AIM: To report periocular surgeries performed for patients with congenital and childhood acquired facial nerve palsy (FNP). METHODS: A retrospective case series of pediatric patients who presented with FNP over the last 34 years, was conducted at two tertiary eye hospitals in Riyadh. Data were collected from electronic charts, hospital records and external photos. Main outcome measures were visual acuity, lagophthalmos, eyelid abnormalities, Bell's phenomena, exposure keratopathy, and corneal scar; in these cases, periocular surgeries were required...

BACKGROUND: Currently there is no universally agreed schema for predicting ocular morbidity in facial nerve palsy. The House Brackmann Scale has limitations in assessing ocular morbidity from facial nerve palsy. Our aim was to create a scoring system to help quantify ocular morbidity to aid in decision making regarding the need for corneal protective oculoplastic surgery. METHODS: We conducted a large cohort study observing 606 patients attending the specialist facial palsy clinic in Manchester UK between March 2002 and October 2017...

PURPOSE: To present a simplified technique in management of complete ptosis secondary to neurofibromatosis. METHODS: This prospective, non-comparative, clinical interventional study included 13 patients with complete ptosis secondary to histologically proved plexiform neurofibromas. It was conducted at the Orbital Unit of Assiut University Hospital, the referral center of Upper Egypt in the period between June 2013 and October 2021. In all cases, a simplified technique of 5 surgical steps was applied: (A) Division of the involved eyelid surgically into three parts by drawing 2 curvilinear lines, the superior line 11 mm below and parallel to the lower eyebrow hairline and the inferior one 10 mm above the lid margin, (B) Resection (full-thickness) of the large middle part which involves the main pathology and lies between the 2 lines, (C) Preservation of the upper part with identification, dissection and clamping of the levator muscle, (D) Refinement of the lower part by removal of any tissue between the skin and the debulked tarsus and (E) Re-suturing of the upper and lower parts in layers; conjunctiva to conjunctiva, levator to tarsus (after resection of a part that corrects the ptosis) and skin to skin...

Dry eye disease (DED) is the most common disease affecting vision and quality of life. PM2.5 was a potential risk of DED. Herein, we conducted animal exposure and cell-based studies to evaluate the pathogenic effect of PM2.5 exposure on the ocular surface and DED etiological mechanisms. C57 mice were exposed to filtered air and PM2.5 aerosol. We assessed health conditions and inflammation of the ocular surface by corneal fluorescein staining and immunohistochemistry. In parallel, cultured human corneal epithelial cells (HCETs) were treated with PM2...

Riot Control Agents (RCAs) are chemical compounds used by law enforcement agencies to quell violent demonstrations as an alternative to lethal force and as part of police/military training. They are also known as tear gases because of the hallmark ocular irritation and lacrimation they cause. The most common RCAs include oleoresin capsicum (contained in Mace and pepper spray), chlorobenzylidene malononitrile, dibenzoxazepine, and chloroacetophenone (previously the main content of Mace); some of which have been in use for decades...

Sulfur mustard (SM) remains a highly dangerous chemical weapon capable of producing mass casualties through liquid or vapor exposure. The cornea is highly sensitive to SM toxicity and exposure to low vapor doses can cause incapacitating acute injuries. At higher doses, corneas fail to fully heal and subsequently develop a constellation of symptoms known as mustard gas keratopathy (MGK) that causes reduced quality of life and impaired or lost vision. Despite a century of research, there are no specific treatments for acute or persistent ocular SM injuries...

PURPOSE: Mustard gas (MG) is a potent blistering and alkylating agent that has been used for military and terrorism purposes. Ocular surface injuries are common after exposure to MG. This review provides an update on the pathophysiology, ocular surface complications, and treatment options for MG-related ocular injuries. METHODS: Required information was obtained by reviewing various databases such as Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and PubMed until March 2022...

PURPOSE: Single-agent chemotherapies have limited activity and considerable toxicity in patients with platinum-resistant epithelial ovarian cancer (PROC). Mirvetuximab soravtansine (MIRV) is an antibody-drug conjugate targeting folate receptor α (FRα). SORAYA is a single-arm, phase II study evaluating efficacy and safety of MIRV in patients with PROC. METHODS: SORAYA enrolled FRα-high patients with PROC who had received one to three prior therapies, including required bevacizumab...