Rhinocerus

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The sclerotium of Lignosus rhinocerus (Cooke) Ryvarden is used by the local communities in Southeast Asia and China to treat cancer, asthma, fever, and other ailments based on traditional knowledge. The sclerotial water extracts were previously reported to exhibit cytotoxic, apoptotic, and immunomodulatory activities - providing a scientific basis for its use in treating cancer; however, there is still a lack of evidence on its potential anti-angiogenic activity...

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Medicinal mushrooms belonging to the Lignosus spp., colloquially known as Tiger Milk mushrooms (TMMs), are used as traditional medicine by communities across various regions of China and Southeast Asia to enhance immunity and to treat various diseases. At present, three Lignosus species have been identified in Malaysia: L. rhinocerus, L. tigris, and L. cameronensis. Similarities in their macroscopic morphologies and the nearly indistinguishable appearance of their sclerotia often lead to interchangeability between them...

Leukemia can be a result of genetic changes associated with protein tyrosine kinase activity such as in MPL W515L and BCR/ABL genes. However, the current conventional treatment of leukemia produces severe side effects that urge the approach to use natural products. A medicinal mushroom, Lignosus rhinocerus shows potential as an anti-cancer treatment. To investigate the efficacy and mechanism of action of the L. rhinocerus cultivar (TM02®) extract on leukemogenic tyrosine kinase cell lines, a cold-water extract (CWE) was produced by using TM02® sclerotia powder at 4°C...

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a rapidly evolving field that has found its way into the medical field, providing unsurpassed contributions to the provision of patient-centered care. Its utilization lies in optimizing preoperative planning, the creation and customization of surgical guides and implants, and the designing of models that can be used to augment patient counseling and education. We integrate a simple yet effective method of scanning the forearm using an iPad device with Xkelet software to obtain a 3D printable stereolithography file, which is then incorporated to our suggested algorithmic model for designing a 3D cast, utilizing Rhinocerus design software and Grasshopper plugin...

Wound care has become increasingly important over the years. Various synthetic products for wound care treatment have been reported to cause toxic side effects and therefore natural products are in significant demand as they have minimal side effects. The presence of bioactive compounds in medicinal mushrooms contributes to various biological activities which assist in the early inflammatory phase, keratinocyte proliferation, and its migration enhancement which are pertinent to wound rehabilitation. Lignosus rhinocerus (tiger milk mushroom) can reduce the inflammation phase in wound healing by fighting off bacterial infection and modulating pro-inflammatory cytokines expression in the early stage to avoid prolonged inflammation and tissue damage...

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Lignosus rhinocerus (Cooke) Ryvarden (also known as Tiger Milk mushroom, TMM), is a basidiomycete belonging to the Polyporaceae family. It has been documented to be used by traditional Chinese physicians and indigenous people in Southeast Asia to treat a variety of illnesses, such as gastritis, arthritis, and respiratory conditions, as well as to restore patients' physical well-being. TMM has also been used in folk medicine to treat cancer. For example, people from the indigenous Kensiu tribe of northeast Kedah (Malaysia) apply shredded TMM sclerotium mixed with water directly onto breast skin to treat breast cancer, while Chinese practitioners from Hong Kong, China prescribe TMM sclerotium as a treatment for liver cancer...

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Lignosus rhinocerus, also known as Tiger Milk Mushroom has been used traditionally to treat a variety of human conditions, including asthma, diabetes, respiratory disease, skin allergy, and food poisoning. The reported activities of Lignosus rhinocerus extracts include anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-asthmatic, anti-microbial, anti-cancer, neuroprotection, and immune modulation effects. However, its effect on human skin is not well documented, including human skin exposed to ultraviolet light (UV)...

Lignosus rhinocerus has bioactive properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiglycation, and immunomodulatory effects, that are beneficial to the skin. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of cosmeceutical compounds, including linoleates, ascorbic acid dipalmitate, and all-trans-squalene, in the mushroom sclerotium. We further investigated the depigmentation and antiaging activities of L. rhinocerus cultivar TM02 sclerotia cold water extract (TM-CWE). TM-CWE at 10% (v/v) inhibited melanin production at the intra- and extracellular levels of B16-F1 melanoma cells (50...

Research background: Tiger milk mushroom ( Lignosus rhinocerus ) is a medicinal mushroom that is geographically distributed in the region of South China, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines and Papua New Guinea. Consumption of its sclerotium has been reported to treat various ailments. However, its anticancer potential towards oral cancer cell lines is yet to be determined considering the traditional method of its consumption by biting/chewing of the sclerotium. Experimental approach: Mushroom sclerotial powder of cultivar TM02® was extracted and fractionated in a chromatographic column prior to cytotoxicity testing against a panel of human oral cancer cell lines...

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) regulates blood pressure and has been implicated in several conditions including lung injury, fibrosis and Alzheimer's disease. Medicinal mushroom Ganordema lucidum (Reishi) cystathionine beta-synthase (GlCBS) was previously reported to possess ACE inhibitory activities. However, the inhibitory mechanism of CBS protein remains unreported. Therefore, this study integrates in silico sequencing, structural and functional based-analysis, protein modelling, molecular docking and binding affinity calculation to elucidate the inhibitory mechanism of GlCBS and Lignosus rhinocerus (Tiger milk mushroom) CBS protein (LrCBS) towards ACE...

Natural mycelial biomass (MB) and exopolysaccharides (EPS) of Malaysian tiger milk mushroom Lignosus rhinocerus are considered high-end components due to their high commercial potential value in drug discovery. This study aims to evaluate the toxicity of the mushroom extracts' generated in a bioreactor using the zebrafish embryo toxicity (ZFET) model assay as a new therapy for treating asthma. Both MB and EPS extracts, at concentrations 0.16-10 mg/mL, were tested for ZFET and early development effects on Zebrafish Embryos (ZE) during 24-120 h post-fertilisation (HPF)...

Traditional use of the tiger milk medicinal mushroom, Lignosus rhinocerus, to treat various illnesses has been recorded for > 4 centuries. Successful cultivation of L. rhinocerus using proprietary solid-state fermentation (SSF) technology by LiGNO Biotech has enabled large-scale production of L. rhinocerus sclerotia (termed L. rhinocerus TM02) and further investigations into its medicinal properties. Pharmacological activities of L. rhinocerus TM02, including its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and immunomodulatory effects and the bioactive components responsible, have been validated by various scientific studies...

A 30-year-old, intact female Indian rhinoceros ( Rhinocerus unicornis ) was presented with ongoing erosive, ulcerative skin lesions over a 4-year-period. The lesions appeared to be non-pruritic and non-seasonal. A systemic antibiotic therapy had been unsuccessful. The dermatological examination showed 8 diffusely demarcated areas of erosion, focal ulceration, mild crusting, and moderate erythema ranging from 8 to 20 cm in diameter, bilaterally on the lateral edges of the torso armor plates. The patient had no other clinical abnormalities...

Tiger milk mushroom (TMM; Lignosus rhinocerus) have been used for a long time by indigenous communities in South East Asia regions as traditional medicine for different ailments, including respiratory disorders. The beneficial effects of TMM have been proven through in vivo and in vitro models, but these effects have yet to be validated in a clinical study. In this study, the beneficial effects of TMM supplementation were investigated in 50 voluntary participants. Participants were required to take 300 mg of TMM twice daily for three months...

Fungal immunomodulatory proteins (FIPs) are bioactive proteins with immunomodulatory properties. We previously reported the heterologous production in Escherichia coli of FIP-Lrh from Tiger milk mushroom (Lignosus rhinocerus) with potent cytotoxic effect on cancer cell lines. However, protein produced in E. coli lacks post-translational modifications and may be contaminated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin. Therefore, in this study, yFIP-Lrh produced in Pichia pastoris was functionally compared with eFIP-Lrh produced in E...

The tiger milk mushroom, Lignosus rhinocerus (LR), exhibits antioxidant properties, as shown in a few in vitro experiments. The aim of this research was to study whether three LR extracts exhibit antioxidant activities in Caenorhabditis elegans . In wild-type N2 nematodes, we determined the survival rate under oxidative stress caused by increased intracellular ROS concentrations. Transgenic strains, including TJ356, TJ375, CF1553, CL2166, and LD1, were used to detect the expression of DAF-16, HSP-16.2, SOD-3, GST-4, and SKN-1, respectively...

Despite the Tiger Milk Mushroom Lignosus rhinocerus (LR) having been used as a traditional medicine, little is known about the neuroprotective effects of LR extracts. This study aims to investigate the neuroprotective effect of three extracts of LR against glutamate-induced oxidative stress in mouse hippocampal (HT22) cells as well as to determine their effect in Caenorhabditis elegans. In vitro, we assessed the toxicity of three LR extracts (ethanol extract (LRE), cold-water extract (LRC) and hot-water extract (LRH)) and their protective activity by MTT assay, Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide staining, Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP) and intracellular ROS accumulation...

Corona discharge from multiple needles at an electrical potential of 5 kV generated by a Van de Graff generator increased the growth rate of the mycelium of tiger's milk mushroom by 10.3% at the end of the first eight days. A similar growth rate enhancement was observed for the next eight days as well. Mycelium of tiger's milk mushroom was cultured on agar media in Petri dish for five days prior to the exposure to various forms of electrical stimulations. The direct current injection (1.1-1.3 A) to the growing medium, application of an electric potential to the growing environment at low strength (30 V) and high strength (5 kV) with single and multiple needles showed varying degrees of success...

Background and aim: Lignosus rhinocerus (LR) is an edible mushroom with a variety of medicinal properties such as neurostimulation, immunomodulation, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, anti-proliferation, anti-diabetes and especially antiviral activity. Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) needs the HIV-1 protease (PR) and reverse transcriptase (RT) for its replication. Therefore, both HIV-1 PR and RT are important targets for antiretroviral drug development. Experimental procedure: The crude hexane (LRH), ethanol (LRE) and water (LRW) extracts of LR were in vitro screened for inhibitory activity against HIV-1 PR and RT, then anti-HIV-1 activity on the infected MOLT-4 cells were determined...

This study evaluated the immunomodulatory effects of two high molecular weight and structurally different mushroom polysaccharides: an alkali-soluble one (mPRSon) and a water-soluble polysaccharide-protein complex (PRW) isolated previously from the sclerotia of Pleurotus rhinocerus on the maturation of murine bone-marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs). The effects of mPRSon and PRW on the expression of morphological change, surface molecules, phagocytic activity, cytokine release in BMDCs were determined by flow cytometry and mouse cytokine array...