Anaplastic thyroid cancer

BACKGROUND: According to the latest classification of thyroid tumors released by the WHO in 2022, primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid (PSCCTh) is classified as anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC). The objective of this study was to determine the differences in characteristics between ATC and PSCCTh and develop a nomogram to predict overall survival patients with the redefined anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (rATC). METHODS: Patients diagnosed with ATC and PSCCTh between 2000 and 2018 from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database were enrolled and randomly divided into a training cohort and a validation cohort with a ratio of 7:3...

BACKGROUND: Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), a rare and aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis, has shown promise with the approved dabrafenib/trametinib combination for BRAFV600E mutation. Co-occurring PI3KCA mutations, identified as negative prognostic factors in lung cancer with BRAFV600E mutation, emphasize the need to target both pathways. Exploring trametinib and alpelisib combination becomes crucial for ATC. METHODS: A patient-derived xenograft (PDX) and primary cell line were obtained from an ATC patient with BRAF and PI3KCA co-mutation...

Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC) is a rare and extremely aggressive tumor, accounting for about 2-15% of all thyroid cancer. PDTC has a distinct biological behavior compared to well-differentiated and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma and, in last years, it has been classified as a separate entity from both anatomopathological and clinical points of view. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of consensus among clinicians regarding inclusion criteria and definition of PDTC that affects its diagnosis and clinical management...

Cancer cells rely on aerobic glycolysis and DNA repair signals to drive tumor growth and develop drug resistance. Yet, fine-tuning aerobic glycolysis with the assist of nanotechnology, for example, dampening lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) for cancer cell metabolic reprograming remains to be investigated. Here we focus on anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) as an extremely malignant cancer with the high expression of LDH, and develop a pH-responsive and nucleus-targeting platinum nanocluster (Pt@TAT/sPEG) to simultaneously targets LDH and exacerbates DNA damage...

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INTRODUCTION: Poorly differentiated thyroid cancer (PDTC) remains a challenge not only for pathologists and surgeons because of the difficulties associated with the diagnostic process and the compelling need for difficult thyroidectomy, but it is also of high clinical relevance because it is responsible for mortality in non-anaplastic follicular cell-derived thyroid cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cases of PDTC within a 30-year period were reviewed by two independent pathologists...

BACKGROUND: DICER1 mutations and PTEN alterations are increasingly detected by thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA). Both are associated with nodular thyroid disease and cancer. The authors analyzed a large comparative thyroid FNA cohort with DICER1 mutation or PTEN alteration. METHODS: A total of 117 thyroid FNAs with DICER1 or PTEN alterations were retrieved from the databases of two academic medical institutions. Demographic, clinical, and radiologic data were collected; FNA slides were analyzed for 29 cytomorphologic features...

Current diagnostic methods for thyroid diseases, including blood tests, ultrasound, and biopsy, always have difficulty diagnosing thyroiditis accurately, occasionally mistaking it for thyroid cancer. To address this clinical challenge, we developed Ox-PGP1, a novel fluorescent probe realizing rapid, noninvasive, and real-time diagnostic techniques. This is the first imaging tool capable of noninvasively distinguishing between thyroiditis and thyroid cancer. Ox-PGP1 was introduced as a fluorescent probe custom-built for the specific detection and quantification of pyroglutamate aminopeptidase 1 (PGP-1), a known pivotal biomarker of inflammation...

BACKGROUND: The clinic-pathological boundary between poorly differentiated thyroid cancer (PDTC) and anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is unclear due to a wide spectrum of histopathological features and the rarity of the disease. In addition to that, with the highest mortality rate and non-standard treatment modality, the PDTC/ATC population has not been subjected to comprehensive description and comparison with the extent of histological characteristics, therapeutic response, prognostic factors, and death attribution analysis...

BACKGROUND: Global data reports a low malignancy risk, whereas regional data report a variable risk of malignancy in Bethesda II thyroid nodules. The limited availability of surgical histopathology might have underestimated the risk of malignancy. Here, we report the prevalence of malignancy and its predictors in Bethesda II thyroid nodules for which the surgical histopathological diagnosis was available. METHODS:  This retrospective study was done at a tertiary healthcare center in South India between January 2008 and September 2015...

Lung metastasis substantially influences the survival of thyroid cancer (TC) patients. This study sought to investigate factors impacting the survival of differentiated thyroid cancer patients with lung metastases (DTC-LM) undergoing radioiodine therapy (RAI) after thyroid surgery. The retrospective study encompassed 609 TC patients with lung metastases. Survival outcomes-specifically, overall survival (OS) and thyroid cancer-specific survival (TCSS)-were examined through both univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses...

NUT carcinoma is an aggressive, poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, defined by rearrangement of the NUTM1 (Nuclear Protein in Testis) gene. Diagnosis is challenging due to histologic similarities with other poorly differentiated tumors requiring advanced diagnostic techniques. There is no established treatment, and prognosis remains extremely poor. A 27-year-old woman without known medical history presented with a rapidly enlarging neck mass and compressive symptoms. Chemotherapy for presumed squamous cell carcinoma with a component of anaplastic thyroid cancer based on pathology was initiated...

BACKGROUND: Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma (ATC) is a rare and deadly malignant tumor in humans. It is prone to developing resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Molecular targeted therapy offers a novel way to treat ATC. The BRAF mutation is closely associated with many cancers, including thyroid carcinoma. Vemurafenib, a small-molecule inhibitor, is specifically designed to target the mutant serine/threonine kinase BRAF. The objective of this study is to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms underlying the effects of vemurafenib on human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cell line FRO and to assess its potential therapeutic role...

BACKGROUND: Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC) is a distinct entity with intermediate prognosis between indolent follicular thyroid cancers and anaplastic carcinoma. The management guidelines are not standardized for these cancers due its low prevalence and limited available literature. Therefore, we did this systematic review with emphasis on current evidence on diagnosis, imaging, molecular markers, and management of these carcinomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We searched four databases, PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, and Emcare to identify studies published till October 2023...

Molecular imaging is pivotal in evaluating and managing patients with different thyroid cancer histotypes. The existing, pathology-based, risk stratification systems can be usefully refined, by incorporating tumor-specific molecular and molecular imaging biomarkers with theranostic value, allowing patient-specific treatment decisions. Molecular imaging with different radioactive iodine isotopes (ie, I131 , I123 , I124 ) is a central component of differentiated carcinoma (DTC)'s risk stratification while [18 F]F-fluorodeoxyglucose ([18 F]FDG) PET/CT is interrogated about disease aggressiveness and presence of distant metastases...

Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is the most aggressive thyroid cancer. Despite advances in tissue culture techniques, a robust model for ATC spheroid culture is yet to be developed. In this study, we created an efficient and cost-effective 3D tumor spheroids culture system from human ATC cells and existing cell lines that better mimic patient tumors and that can enhance our understanding of in vivo treatment response. We found that patient-derived ATC cells and cell lines can readily form spheroids in culture with a unique morphology, size, and cytoskeletal organization...

Chromosome instability (CIN) is a common contributor driving the formation and progression of anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), but its mechanism remains unclear. The BUB1 mitotic checkpoint serine/threonine kinase (BUB1) is responsible for the alignment of mitotic chromosomes, which has not been thoroughly studied in ATC. Our research demonstrated that BUB1 was remarkably upregulated and closely related to worse progression-free survival. Knockdown of BUB1 attenuated cell viability, invasion, migration and induced cell cycle arrests, whereas overexpression of BUB1 promoted the cell cycle progression of papillary thyroid cancer cells...

Objectives: Thyroid carcinoma with cutaneous metastases is a rare clinical finding. Cutaneous metastases from thyroid carcinoma have been associated with a poor prognosis, but these data are limited to case reports. The exact mechanism of cutaneous metastases from thyroid carcinoma is not clear. Our study aims to report the demographic, clinical, and histologic findings of patients with cutaneous metastases from thyroid carcinoma. Methods: A review was conducted using the Medline/PubMed, Cochrane, and Scopus databases to review literature from inception to May 2023...

Both anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) and papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) originate from thyroid follicular epithelial cells, but ATC has a significantly worse prognosis and shows resistance to conventional therapies. However, clinical trials found that immunotherapy works better in ATC than late-stage PTC. Here, we utilized single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to generate a single-cell atlas of thyroid cancer. Differences in ATC and PTC tumor microenvironment (TME) components (including malignant cells, stromal cells, and immune cells) leading to the polarized prognoses were identified...

BACKGROUND: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) contribute to the treatment of patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC). Although prospective clinical studies of TKIs exhibit limited efficacy, whether ATC patients benefit from TKI treatment in real-world clinical practice may enlighten future explorations. Therefore, we conducted this effective analysis based on real-world retrospective studies to illustrate the efficacy of TKI treatment in ATC patients. METHODS: We systematically searched the online databases on September 03, 2023...