immunology radiotherapy

Ionising radiations can have a wide range of impacts on tumour-immune interactions, which are being studied with the greatest interest and at an accelerating pace by the medical community. Despite its undeniable immunostimulatory potential, it clearly appears that radiotherapy as it is prescribed and delivered nowadays often alters the host's immunity towards a suboptimal state. This may impair the full recovery of a sustained and efficient anti-tumour immunosurveillance post-treatment. An emerging concept is arising from this awareness and consists in re-considering the way of designing radiation treatment plannings, notably by taking into account the individualised risks of deleterious radio-induced immune alteration that can be deciphered from the planned beam trajectory through lymphocyte-rich organs...

BACKGROUND: Glioma pathogenesis related-2 (GLIPR2), an emerging Golgi membrane protein implicated in autophagy, has received limited attention in current scholarly discourse. METHODS: Leveraging extensive datasets, including The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Genotype Tissue Expression (GTEx), Human Protein Atlas (HPA), and Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC), we conducted a comprehensive investigation into GLIPR2 expression across diverse human malignancies...

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the role of FOXA1 in acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by radiotherapy in colorectal cancer. Although FOXA1 is known to be aberrantly expressed in malignant tumors, its contribution to AKI remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the involvement of FOXA1 in AKI induced by radiotherapy in colorectal cancer and its influence on the regulation of downstream target genes. METHODS: Firstly, a transcriptome analysis was performed on mice to establish a radiation-induced AKI model, and qPCR was used to determine the expression of FOXA1 in renal cell injury models induced by X-ray irradiation...

Abscopal effects are characterized by the emergence of neoplasms in regions unrelated to the primary radiation therapy site, displaying a gradual attenuation or regression throughout the progression of radiation therapy, which have been of interest to scientists since Mole's proposal in 1953. The incidence of abscopal effects in radiation therapy is intricately linked to the immune system, with both innate and adaptive immune responses playing crucial roles. Biological factors impacting abscopal effects ultimately exert their influence on the intricate workings of the immune system...

INTRODUCTION: The PRaG regimen, which consists of hypofractionated radiotherapy combined with a programmed cell death-1/programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) inhibitor and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), has been demonstrated to have a survival benefit in patients with advanced solid tumours who have failed at least two lines of treatment. Nonetheless, lymphopenia poses an impediment to the enduring efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor therapy. Adequate lymphocyte reserves are essential for the efficacy of immunotherapy...

Radiation therapy (RT) not only can directly kill tumor cells by causing DNA double-strand break, but also exerts anti-tumor effects through modulating local and systemic immune responses. The immunomodulatory effects of RT are generally considered as a double-edged sword. On the one hand, RT effectively enhances the immunogenicity of tumor cells, triggers type I interferon response, induces immunogenic cell death to activate immune cell function, increases the release of proinflammatory factors, and reshapes the tumor immune microenvironment, thereby positively promoting anti-tumor immune responses...

INTRODUCTION: Breast augmentation, a popular cosmetic surgery using devices like silicone implants, can lead to a common issue called capsular contracture (CC). This condition involves the formation of fibrous tissue around the implants and can be influenced by variables like immunological and bacterial factors. This study aimed to explore the impact of autoimmune diseases (ADs) on CC along with other factors influencing future clinical decisions. METHODS: A systematic review of electronic databases was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, EMBASE, and involving adult patients (>18) with CC and ADs after breast surgery using MeSH terminology using a broad search strategy...

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the main prevalent histological subtype and accounts for 85% of esophageal cancer cases worldwide. Traditional treatment for ESCC involves chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery. However, the overall prognosis remains unfavorable. Recently, immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy using anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) antibodies have not only achieved remarkable benefits in the clinical management of ESCC but have also completely changed the treatment approach for this cancer...

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a formidable cancer type that poses significant treatment challenges, including radiotherapy (RT) resistance. The metabolic characteristics of tumors present substantial obstacles to cancer therapy, and the relationship between RT and tumor metabolism in HNSCC remains elusive. Ferroptosis is a type of iron-dependent regulated cell death, representing an emerging disease-modulatory mechanism. Here, we report that after RT, glutamine levels rise in HNSCC, and the glutamine transporter protein SLC1A5 is upregulated...

It remains highly unclear and debatable whether combining radiotherapy (RT) and immune checkpoint blocker (ICB) therapy yields improved outcomes compared to either modality alone. Whereas some randomized data have shown improved outcomes, others have not. As a result of these conflicting data, it is essential to reconcile differences in the data and postulate reasons thereof. This work seeks to address these discrepancies, and uses the lessons learned from both positive and negative trials, including the most cutting-edge data available, in order to guide future clinical trial design and clarify the ideal/expected role of combinatorial therapy going forward...

The treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a major challenge in the medical field. Lenvatinib, a multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has demonstrated anti-HCC effects by targeting and inhibiting pathways such as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1-3 (VEGFR1-3). However, the therapeutic efficacy of Lenvatinib is subject to various influences, with the hypoxic microenvironment of the tumor being a pivotal factor. Consequently, altering the hypoxic milieu of the tumor emerges as a viable strategy to augment the efficacy of Lenvatinib...

BACKGROUND: Due to individual differences in tumors and immune systems, the response rate to immunotherapy is low in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients. Combinations with other therapeutic strategies improve the efficacy of immunotherapy in LUAD patients. Although radioimmunotherapy has been demonstrated to effectively suppress tumors, the underlying mechanisms still need to be investigated. METHODS: Total RNA from LUAD cells was sequenced before and after radiotherapy to identify differentially expressed radiation-associated genes...

Neutrophils are known to contribute in many aspects of tumor progression and metastasis. The presence of neutrophils or neutrophil-derived mediators in the tumor microenvironment has been associated with poor prognosis in several types of solid tumors. However, the effects of classical cancer treatments such as radiation therapy on neutrophils are poorly understood. Furthermore, the cellular composition and distribution of immune cells in the tumor is of increasing interest in cancer research and new imaging technologies allow to perform more complex spatial analyses within tumor tissues...

This review explores the mechanisms of chronic radiation-induced skin injury fibrosis, focusing on the transition from acute radiation damage to a chronic fibrotic state. It reviewed the cellular and molecular responses of the skin to radiation, highlighting the role of myofibroblasts and the significant impact of Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) in promoting fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transformation. The review delves into the epigenetic regulation of fibrotic gene expression, the contribution of extracellular matrix proteins to the fibrotic microenvironment, and the regulation of the immune system in the context of fibrosis...

INTRODUCTION: Oesophageal cancer (OC) has higher morbidity and mortality rate than most other malignancies. The standard treatment for unresectable locally advanced oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is concurrent chemoradiotherapy, with tumour regression observed in a proportion of patients after treatment, but prognostic improvement remains limited. Immunotherapy in combination with chemotherapy (CT) has been shown to be efficacious as the first-line treatment of advanced OC and neoadjuvant therapy...

ConspectusCancer vaccines have shown tremendous potential in preventing and treating cancer by providing immunogenic antigens to initiate specific tumor immune responses. An in situ vaccine prepared from an autologous tumor can mobilize a patient's own tumor cell lysate as a reservoir of specific antigens, thus triggering a broad immune response and diverse antitumor immunity in an individually tailored manner. Its efficacy is much better than that of conventional vaccines with a limited number of epitopes...

Pancreatic cancer kills millions of people worldwide each year and is one of the most prevalent causes of mortality that requires prompt therapy. A large number of people who have pancreatic cancer are detected at an advanced stage, with incurable and drug-resistant tumors. Hence the overall survival rate of pancreatic cancer is less. The advance phase of this cancer is generated because of the expression of the cancer-causing gene, inactivation of the tumorsuppressing gene, and deregulation of molecules in different cellular signalling pathways...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the therapeutic advantage of G-CSF to whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) in combination with immunotherapy as a first-line treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) brain metastases (BMs). METHODS: In this retrospective study, 117 patients (37 in G-CSF group and 80 in no G-CSF group) who underwent first-line WBRT combined with immunotherapy were enrolled. Their survival, intracranial response, BM-related symptoms and toxicity were evaluated...

BACKGROUND: Radiotherapy (RT) is a mainstay of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) treatment. Due to the influence of RT on tumor cells and immune/stromal cells in microenvironment, some studies suggest that immunologic landscape could shape treatment response. To better predict the survival based on genomic data, we developed a prognostic model using tumor-infiltrating immune cell (TIIC) signature to predict survival in patients undergoing RT for HNSCC. METHODS: Gene expression data and clinical information were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases...

INTRODUCTION: Diffuse leptomeningeal glioneuronal tumor (DLGNT), a new addition to the 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) classification, is a rare childhood neoplasm presenting with disseminated leptomeningeal enhancement and an occasional intraparenchymal mass. Diagnosis is often impeded by infectious/immunological differentials, necessitating a biopsy to confirm the diagnosis. We report an adult male with DLGNT without hydrocephalus, which is rare in patients with cerebellar masses...