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JOURNAL ARTICLE
Jenny R Rieck, Giulia Baracchini, Cheryl L Grady
Cognitive control involves the flexible allocation of mental resources during goal-directed behavior and comprises three correlated but distinct domains-inhibition, shifting, and working memory. The work of Don Stuss and others has demonstrated that frontal and parietal cortices are crucial to cognitive control, particularly in normal aging, which is characterized by reduced control mechanisms. However, the structure-function relationships specific to each domain and subsequent impact on performance are not well understood...
February 5, 2021: Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
#22
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Melanie J Sekeres, Morris Moscovitch, Gordon Winocur, Sara Pishdadian, Dan Nichol, Cheryl L Grady
Replicas of an aspect of an experienced event can serve as effective reminders, yet little is known about the neural basis of such reminding effects. Here we examined the neural activity underlying the memory-enhancing effect of reminders 1 week after encoding of naturalistic film clip events. We used fMRI to determine differences in network activity associated with recently reactivated memories relative to comparably aged, non-reactivated memories. Reminders were effective in facilitating overall retrieval of memory for film clips, in an all-or-none fashion...
January 2021: Hippocampus
#23
JOURNAL ARTICLE
David Maillet, Lujia Yu, Lynn Hasher, Cheryl L Grady
Optimal performance in many tasks requires minimizing the impact of both visual distraction and mind-wandering. Yet, so far, these two types of distraction have been studied in isolation and it remains unclear whether they act in similar or dissociable ways across age groups. Here, we studied the impact of visual distraction and mind-wandering on performance in a go/no-go task in young and older adults. Older adults reported higher task focus than young, which was associated with a specific age-related reduction in mind-wandering, rather than to thoughts triggered by the task...
August 2020: Psychology and Aging
#24
COMPARATIVE STUDY
David Maillet, Lujia Yu, Brian Lau, Ricky Chow, Claude Alain, Cheryl L Grady
Optimal performance in many tasks requires minimizing the impact of both visual distractors in the environment and distracting internal thoughts (i.e., mind-wandering). Prior research has indicated that older adults are disproportionately affected by the presence of visual distractors compared to young adults, but are not excessively affected by distracting thoughts. Yet an explanation for these dissociable effects remains elusive. In the current study, we assessed age-related differences in event-related potentials and neural variability associated with internal distraction and visual distractors in a go/no-go task...
September 2020: Neuropsychologia
#25
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Cheryl L Grady, Jenny R Rieck, Daniel Nichol, Douglas D Garrett
Degrading face stimuli reduces face discrimination in both young and older adults, but the brain correlates of this decline in performance are not fully understood. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the effects of degraded face stimuli on face and nonface brain networks and tested whether these changes would predict the linear declines seen in performance. We found decreased activity in the face network (FN) and a decrease in the similarity of functional connectivity (FC) in the FN across conditions as degradation increased but no effect of age...
November 3, 2020: Cerebral Cortex
#26
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Z Helen Wu, Rong Wu, Elizabeth Brownell, Cheryl Oncken, James Grady
OBJECTIVE: To document changes of stress and illicit drug use among women from 4 months prepregnancy to 6 months postpartum. STUDY DESIGN: In a longitudinal study of drug use in family planning clinics, 121 women who became pregnant were matched with 202 women who did not become pregnant. Self-reported drug use, Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale, and open-ended stress questions were examined every 2 months during the study period of time. RESULTS: Among drug-using pregnant women, drug use declined during 2nd and 3rd trimesters and increased immediately within 1 to 2 months postpartum...
April 2021: Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities
#27
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Jennifer C Weeks, Cheryl L Grady, Lynn Hasher, Bradley R Buchsbaum
Goal-relevant information can be maintained in working memory over a brief delay interval to guide an upcoming decision. There is also evidence suggesting the existence of a complementary process: namely, the ability to suppress information that is no longer relevant to ongoing task goals. Moreover, this ability to suppress or inhibit irrelevant information appears to decline with age. In this study, we compared younger and older adults undergoing fMRI on a working memory task designed to address whether the modulation of neural representations of relevant and no-longer-relevant items during a delay interval is related to age and overall task performance...
October 2020: Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
#28
MULTICENTER STUDY
Rotem Botvinik-Nezer, Felix Holzmeister, Colin F Camerer, Anna Dreber, Juergen Huber, Magnus Johannesson, Michael Kirchler, Roni Iwanir, Jeanette A Mumford, R Alison Adcock, Paolo Avesani, Blazej M Baczkowski, Aahana Bajracharya, Leah Bakst, Sheryl Ball, Marco Barilari, Nadège Bault, Derek Beaton, Julia Beitner, Roland G Benoit, Ruud M W J Berkers, Jamil P Bhanji, Bharat B Biswal, Sebastian Bobadilla-Suarez, Tiago Bortolini, Katherine L Bottenhorn, Alexander Bowring, Senne Braem, Hayley R Brooks, Emily G Brudner, Cristian B Calderon, Julia A Camilleri, Jaime J Castrellon, Luca Cecchetti, Edna C Cieslik, Zachary J Cole, Olivier Collignon, Robert W Cox, William A Cunningham, Stefan Czoschke, Kamalaker Dadi, Charles P Davis, Alberto De Luca, Mauricio R Delgado, Lysia Demetriou, Jeffrey B Dennison, Xin Di, Erin W Dickie, Ekaterina Dobryakova, Claire L Donnat, Juergen Dukart, Niall W Duncan, Joke Durnez, Amr Eed, Simon B Eickhoff, Andrew Erhart, Laura Fontanesi, G Matthew Fricke, Shiguang Fu, Adriana Galván, Remi Gau, Sarah Genon, Tristan Glatard, Enrico Glerean, Jelle J Goeman, Sergej A E Golowin, Carlos González-García, Krzysztof J Gorgolewski, Cheryl L Grady, Mikella A Green, João F Guassi Moreira, Olivia Guest, Shabnam Hakimi, J Paul Hamilton, Roeland Hancock, Giacomo Handjaras, Bronson B Harry, Colin Hawco, Peer Herholz, Gabrielle Herman, Stephan Heunis, Felix Hoffstaedter, Jeremy Hogeveen, Susan Holmes, Chuan-Peng Hu, Scott A Huettel, Matthew E Hughes, Vittorio Iacovella, Alexandru D Iordan, Peder M Isager, Ayse I Isik, Andrew Jahn, Matthew R Johnson, Tom Johnstone, Michael J E Joseph, Anthony C Juliano, Joseph W Kable, Michalis Kassinopoulos, Cemal Koba, Xiang-Zhen Kong, Timothy R Koscik, Nuri Erkut Kucukboyaci, Brice A Kuhl, Sebastian Kupek, Angela R Laird, Claus Lamm, Robert Langner, Nina Lauharatanahirun, Hongmi Lee, Sangil Lee, Alexander Leemans, Andrea Leo, Elise Lesage, Flora Li, Monica Y C Li, Phui Cheng Lim, Evan N Lintz, Schuyler W Liphardt, Annabel B Losecaat Vermeer, Bradley C Love, Michael L Mack, Norberto Malpica, Theo Marins, Camille Maumet, Kelsey McDonald, Joseph T McGuire, Helena Melero, Adriana S Méndez Leal, Benjamin Meyer, Kristin N Meyer, Glad Mihai, Georgios D Mitsis, Jorge Moll, Dylan M Nielson, Gustav Nilsonne, Michael P Notter, Emanuele Olivetti, Adrian I Onicas, Paolo Papale, Kaustubh R Patil, Jonathan E Peelle, Alexandre Pérez, Doris Pischedda, Jean-Baptiste Poline, Yanina Prystauka, Shruti Ray, Patricia A Reuter-Lorenz, Richard C Reynolds, Emiliano Ricciardi, Jenny R Rieck, Anais M Rodriguez-Thompson, Anthony Romyn, Taylor Salo, Gregory R Samanez-Larkin, Emilio Sanz-Morales, Margaret L Schlichting, Douglas H Schultz, Qiang Shen, Margaret A Sheridan, Jennifer A Silvers, Kenny Skagerlund, Alec Smith, David V Smith, Peter Sokol-Hessner, Simon R Steinkamp, Sarah M Tashjian, Bertrand Thirion, John N Thorp, Gustav Tinghög, Loreen Tisdall, Steven H Tompson, Claudio Toro-Serey, Juan Jesus Torre Tresols, Leonardo Tozzi, Vuong Truong, Luca Turella, Anna E van 't Veer, Tom Verguts, Jean M Vettel, Sagana Vijayarajah, Khoi Vo, Matthew B Wall, Wouter D Weeda, Susanne Weis, David J White, David Wisniewski, Alba Xifra-Porxas, Emily A Yearling, Sangsuk Yoon, Rui Yuan, Kenneth S L Yuen, Lei Zhang, Xu Zhang, Joshua E Zosky, Thomas E Nichols, Russell A Poldrack, Tom Schonberg
Data analysis workflows in many scientific domains have become increasingly complex and flexible. Here we assess the effect of this flexibility on the results of functional magnetic resonance imaging by asking 70 independent teams to analyse the same dataset, testing the same 9 ex-ante hypotheses1 . The flexibility of analytical approaches is exemplified by the fact that no two teams chose identical workflows to analyse the data. This flexibility resulted in sizeable variation in the results of hypothesis tests, even for teams whose statistical maps were highly correlated at intermediate stages of the analysis pipeline...
June 2020: Nature
#29
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Reece P Roberts, Cheryl L Grady, Donna Rose Addis
In a range of externally-directed tasks, intra-individual variability of fMRI BOLD signal has been shown to be a stronger predictor of cognitive performance than mean BOLD signal. BOLD variability's strong association with cognitive performance is hypothesised to be due to it capturing the dynamic range of neural systems. Although increased BOLD variability is also speculated to play a role in internally-directed thought, particularly when creative and flexible cognition is required, there is a relative lack of research exploring whether BOLD variability is related to internally-directed cognition...
October 1, 2020: NeuroImage
#30
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Holly J Bowen, Jaclyn H Ford, Cheryl L Grady, Julia Spaniol
Both younger and older adults prioritize reward-associated stimuli in memory, but there has been little research on possible age differences in the neural mechanisms mediating this effect. In the present study, we examine neural activation and functional connectivity in healthy younger and older adults to test the hypothesis that older adults would engage prefrontal regions to a greater extent in the service of reward-enhanced memory. While undergoing MRI, target stimuli were presented after high- or low-reward cues...
June 2020: Neurobiology of Aging
#31
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Tyler J Good, Joshua Villafuerte, Jennifer D Ryan, Cheryl L Grady, Morgan D Barense
Local brain signal variability [SD of the BOLD signal (SDBOLD ]] correlates with age and cognitive performance, and recently differentiated Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients from healthy controls. However, it is unknown whether changes to SDBOLD precede diagnosis of AD or mild cognitive impairment. We compared ostensibly healthy older adult humans who scored below the recommended threshold on the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) and who showed reduced medial temporal lobe (MTL) volume in a previous study ("at-risk" group, n = 20), with healthy older adults who scored within the normal range on the MoCA ("control" group, n = 20)...
May 2020: ENeuro
#32
COMPARATIVE STUDY
Microplegia vs 4:1 Blood Cardioplegia: Effectiveness and Cost Savings in Complex Cardiac Operations.
Robert A Borden, Clifford Ball, Patrick M Grady, Andrew J Toth, Cheryl Lober, Faisal G Bakaeen, Michael Zhen-Yu Tong, Edward G Soltesz, Eugene H Blackstone, Eric E Roselli
BACKGROUND: Microplegia has been studied during isolated coronary artery bypass grafting and valve surgery but not in more complex operations. Objectives of this study were to demonstrate safety and effectiveness of microplegia relative to Buckberg cardioplegia during these operations. METHODS: From January 2012 to January 2017, 242 patients underwent multicomponent operations with simplified microplegia delivered via syringe pump and 10,512 with modified Buckberg cardioplegia...
October 2020: Annals of Thoracic Surgery
#33
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Melanie J Sekeres, Morris Moscovitch, Cheryl L Grady, D Gregory Sullens, Gordon Winocur
Conditioned fear memories that are context-specific shortly after conditioning generalize over time. We exposed rats to a context reminder 30 d after conditioning, which served to reinstate context-specificity, and investigated how this reminder alters retrieval-induced activity in the hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex (aCC) relative to a no reminder condition. c-Fos expression in dorsal CA1 was observed following retrieval in the original context, but not in a novel context, whether or not the memory was reactivated, suggesting that dCA1 retains the context-specific representation...
January 2020: Learning & Memory
#34
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Yaakov Stern, Carol A Barnes, Cheryl Grady, Richard N Jones, Naftali Raz
Significant individual differences in the trajectories of cognitive aging and in age-related changes of brain structure and function have been reported in the past half-century. In some individuals, significant pathological changes in the brain are observed in conjunction with relatively well-preserved cognitive performance. Multiple constructs have been invoked to explain this paradox of resilience, including brain reserve, cognitive reserve, brain maintenance, and compensation. The aim of this session of the Cognitive Aging Summit III was to examine the overlap and distinctions in definitions and measurement of these constructs, to discuss their neural and behavioral correlates and to propose plausible mechanisms of individual cognitive resilience in the face of typical age-related neural declines...
November 2019: Neurobiology of Aging
#35
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Cheryl L Grady
There is considerable evidence from non-human animal studies that the anterior and posterior regions of the hippocampus have different anatomical connections and support different behavioural functions. Although there are some recent human studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that have addressed this idea directly in the memory and spatial processing domains and provided support for it, there has been no broader meta-analysis of the fMRI literature to determine if there is consistent evidence for functional dissociations in anterior and posterior hippocampus across all of the different cognitive domains in which the hippocampus participates...
October 7, 2019: Hippocampus
#36
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Roberto Cabeza, Marilyn Albert, Sylvie Belleville, Fergus I M Craik, Audrey Duarte, Cheryl L Grady, Ulman Lindenberger, Lars Nyberg, Denise C Park, Patricia A Reuter-Lorenz, Michael D Rugg, Jason Steffener, M Natasha Rajah
In Figure 3b of the originally published article, the colours of the bars were incorrectly reversed. The bars shown in green should have been shown in blue to represent the findings from older adults, whereas the bars shown in blue should have been shown in green to represent the findings from young adults. This has been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of the article. Images of the original figure are shown in the correction notice.
December 2018: Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
#37
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Tarek Amer, Kelly S Giovanello, Daniel R Nichol, Lynn Hasher, Cheryl L Grady
Evidence suggests that age differences in associative memory are attenuated for associations that are consistent with prior knowledge. Such knowledge structures have traditionally been associated with the default network (DN), which also shows reduced modulation with age. In the present study, we investigated whether DN activity and connectivity patterns could account for this age-related effect. Younger and older adults underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging as they learned realistic and unrealistic prices of common grocery items...
December 17, 2019: Cerebral Cortex
#38
JOURNAL ARTICLE
E Zita Patai, Amir-Homayoun Javadi, Jason D Ozubko, Andrew O'Callaghan, Shuman Ji, Jessica Robin, Cheryl Grady, Gordon Winocur, R Shayna Rosenbaum, Morris Moscovitch, Hugo J Spiers
Recent research indicates the hippocampus may code the distance to the goal during navigation of newly learned environments. It is unclear however, whether this also pertains to highly familiar environments where extensive systems-level consolidation is thought to have transformed mnemonic representations. Here we recorded fMRI while University College London and Imperial College London students navigated virtual simulations of their own familiar campus (>2 years of exposure) and the other campus learned days before scanning...
March 22, 2019: Cerebral Cortex
#39
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Raluca Petrican, Cheryl L Grady
Inhibitory control is a key determinant of goal-directed behavior. Its susceptibility to reward implies that its variations may not only reflect cognitive ability, but also sensitivity to goal-relevant information. Since cognitive ability and motivational sensitivity vary as a function of age and mood, we hypothesized that their relevance for predicting individual differences in inhibition would similarly vary. Here, we tested this prediction with respect to the brain's intrinsic functional architecture. Specifically, we reasoned that age and affective functioning would both moderate the relationship between inhibition and resting state expression of the dynamic neural organization patterns linked to engaging in cognitive effort versus those involved in manipulating motivationally salient information...
February 26, 2019: Neuropsychologia
#40
Roberto Cabeza, Marilyn Albert, Sylvie Belleville, Fergus I M Craik, Audrey Duarte, Cheryl L Grady, Ulman Lindenberger, Lars Nyberg, Denise C Park, Patricia A Reuter-Lorenz, Michael D Rugg, Jason Steffener, M Natasha Rajah
In the originally published version of article, there were two errors in the references. The reference "Nilsson, J. & Lövdén, M. Naming is not explaining: future directions for the "cognitive reserve" and "brain maintenance" theories. Alzheimer's Res. Ther. 10, 34 (2018)" was missing. This reference has been added as REF. 14 in the HTML and PDF versions of the article and cited at the end of the sentence "However, over the years, these terms have been used inconsistently, creating confusion and slowing progress...
December 2018: Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
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