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# geophysical

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https://www.readbyqxmd.com/read/29773922/trilogy-a-planetary-geodesy-mission-concept-for-measuring-the-expansion-of-the-solar-system
#1
David E Smith, Maria T Zuber, Erwan Mazarico, Antonio Genova, Gregory A Neumann, Xiaoli Sun, Mark H Torrence, Dan-Dan Mao
The scale of the solar system is slowly changing, likely increasing as a result of solar mass loss, with additional change possible if there is a secular variation of the gravitational constant, G . The measurement of the change of scale could provide insight into the past and the future of the solar system, and in addition a better understanding of planetary motion and fundamental physics. Estimates for the expansion of the scale of the solar system are of order 1.5 cm year-1 AU-1 , which over several years is an observable quantity with present-day laser ranging systems...
April 2018: Planetary and Space Science
https://www.readbyqxmd.com/read/29772821/a-preliminary-analysis-of-wind-retrieval-based-on-gf-3-wave-mode-data
#2
Lei Wang, Bing Han, Xinzhe Yuan, Bin Lei, Chibiao Ding, Yulin Yao, Qi Chen
This paper presents an analysis of measurements of the normalized radar cross-(NRCS) in Wave Mode for Chinese C-band Gaofen-3(GF-3) synthetic aperture radar (SAR). Based on 2779 images from GF-3 quad-polarization SAR in Wave Mode and collocated wind vectors from ERA-Interim, this experiment verifies the feasibility of using ocean surface wind fields and VV-polarized NRCS to perform normalized calibration. The method uses well-validated empirical C-band geophysical model function (CMOD4) to estimate the calibration constant for each beam...
May 17, 2018: Sensors
https://www.readbyqxmd.com/read/29769757/stochastic-geometric-models-with-non-stationary-spatial-correlations-in-lagrangian-fluid-flows
#3
François Gay-Balmaz, Darryl D Holm
Inspired by spatiotemporal observations from satellites of the trajectories of objects drifting near the surface of the ocean in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's "Global Drifter Program", this paper develops data-driven stochastic models of geophysical fluid dynamics (GFD) with non-stationary spatial correlations representing the dynamical behaviour of oceanic currents. Three models are considered. Model 1 from Holm (Proc R Soc A 471:20140963, 2015) is reviewed, in which the spatial correlations are time independent...
2018: Journal of Nonlinear Science
https://www.readbyqxmd.com/read/29758757/electrohydrodynamic-channeling-effects-in-narrow-fractures-and-pores
#4
Asger Bolet, Gaute Linga, Joachim Mathiesen
In low-permeability rock, fluid and mineral transport occur in pores and fracture apertures at the scale of micrometers and below. At this scale, the presence of surface charge, and a resultant electrical double layer, may considerably alter transport properties. However, due to the inherent nonlinearity of the governing equations, numerical and theoretical studies of the coupling between electric double layers and flow have mostly been limited to two-dimensional or axisymmetric geometries. Here, we present comprehensive three-dimensional simulations of electrohydrodynamic flow in an idealized fracture geometry consisting of a sinusoidally undulated bottom surface and a flat top surface...
April 2018: Physical Review. E
https://www.readbyqxmd.com/read/29758628/extreme-learning-machine-for-reduced-order-modeling-of-turbulent-geophysical-flows
#5
Omer San, Romit Maulik
We investigate the application of artificial neural networks to stabilize proper orthogonal decomposition-based reduced order models for quasistationary geophysical turbulent flows. An extreme learning machine concept is introduced for computing an eddy-viscosity closure dynamically to incorporate the effects of the truncated modes. We consider a four-gyre wind-driven ocean circulation problem as our prototype setting to assess the performance of the proposed data-driven approach. Our framework provides a significant reduction in computational time and effectively retains the dynamics of the full-order model during the forward simulation period beyond the training data set...
April 2018: Physical Review. E
https://www.readbyqxmd.com/read/29757983/a-combined-gravity-compensation-method-for-ins-using-the-simplified-gravity-model-and-gravity-database
#6
Xiao Zhou, Gongliu Yang, Jing Wang, Zeyang Wen
In recent decades, gravity compensation has become an important way to reduce the position error of an inertial navigation system (INS), especially for a high-precision INS, because of the extensive application of high precision inertial sensors (accelerometers and gyros). This paper first deducts the INS's solution error considering gravity disturbance and simulates the results. Meanwhile, this paper proposes a combined gravity compensation method using a simplified gravity model and gravity database. This new combined method consists of two steps all together...
May 14, 2018: Sensors
https://www.readbyqxmd.com/read/29743266/biodiversity-and-socioeconomics-in-the-city-a-review-of-the-luxury-effect
#7
REVIEW
Misha Leong, Robert R Dunn, Michelle D Trautwein
The ecological dynamics of cities are influenced not only by geophysical and biological factors, but also by aspects of human society. In cities around the world, a pattern of higher biodiversity in affluent neighbourhoods has been termed 'the luxury effect'. The luxury effect has been found globally regarding plant diversity and canopy or vegetative cover. Fewer studies have considered the luxury effect and animals, yet it has been recognized in the distributions of birds, bats, lizards and indoor arthropods...
May 2018: Biology Letters
https://www.readbyqxmd.com/read/29715992/wavelength-scanning-coherent-otdr-for-dynamic-high-strain-resolution-sensing
#8
Sascha Liehr, Sven Münzenberger, Katerina Krebber
Distributed vibration sensing in optical fibers opened entirely new opportunities and penetrated various sectors from security to seismic monitoring. Here, we demonstrate a most simple and robust approach for dynamic strain measurement using wavelength-scanning coherent optical time domain reflectometry (C-OTDR). Our method is based on laser current modulation and Rayleigh backscatter shift correlation. As opposed to common single-wavelength phase demodulation techniques, also the algebraic sign of the strain change is retrieved...
April 16, 2018: Optics Express
https://www.readbyqxmd.com/read/29704721/hydraulic-reliability-of-a-horizontal-wetland-for-wastewater-treatment-in-sicily
#9
A Marzo, D Ventura, G L Cirelli, R Aiello, D Vanella, R Rapisarda, S Barbagallo, S Consoli
The purpose of this study was to evaluate how the hydraulic behavior of a horizontal subsurface wetland (HF), that is part of the hybrid wetland (hybrid-TW) of the IKEA® store in Eastern Sicily (Italy), influences the overall wastewater treatment performance. The HF unit experiences frequent overloading peaks due to the extreme variability in the number of visitors at the store, and after 2 years of operation it showed signals of partial clogging at the inlet area. The hydraulics of the HF unit has been monitored through measurements of hydraulic conductivity at saturation (Ks), tracer tests, and geophysical (i...
April 25, 2018: Science of the Total Environment
https://www.readbyqxmd.com/read/29703964/opto-mechanical-lab-on-fibre-seismic-sensors-detected-the-norcia-earthquake
#10
Marco Pisco, Francesco Antonio Bruno, Danilo Galluzzo, Lucia Nardone, Grzegorz Gruca, Niek Rijnveld, Francesca Bianco, Antonello Cutolo, Andrea Cusano
We have designed and developed lab-on-fibre seismic sensors containing a micro-opto-mechanical cavity on the fibre tip. The mechanical cavity is designed as a double cantilever suspended on the fibre end facet and connected to a proof mass to tune its response. Ground acceleration leads to displacement of the cavity length, which in turn can be remotely detected using an interferometric interrogation technique. After the sensors characterization, an experimental validation was conducted at the Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV), which is responsible for seismic surveillance over the Italian country...
April 27, 2018: Scientific Reports
https://www.readbyqxmd.com/read/29700224/assessing-whether-the-2017-m-w-5-4-pohang-earthquake-in-south-korea-was-an-induced-event
#11
Kwang-Hee Kim, Jin-Han Ree, YoungHee Kim, Sungshil Kim, Su Young Kang, Wooseok Seo
The M w 5.4 Pohang earthquake, the most damaging event in South Korea since instrumental seismic observation began in 1905, occurred beneath the Pohang geothermal power plant in 2017. Geological and geophysical data suggest that the Pohang earthquake was induced by fluid from an enhanced geothermal system (EGS) site, which was injected directly into a near-critically-stressed subsurface fault zone. The magnitude of the mainshock makes it the largest known induced earthquake at an EGS site.
April 26, 2018: Science
https://www.readbyqxmd.com/read/29696380/geophysical-and-hydrological-data-assimilation-to-monitor-water-content-dynamics-in-the-rocky-unsaturated-zone
#12
Lorenzo De Carlo, Marco Berardi, Michele Vurro, Maria Clementina Caputo
In recent years, geophysics is increasingly used to study the flow and transport processes in the vadose zone. Particularly, when the vadose zone is made up of rocks, it is difficult to install sensors in the subsurface to measure hydrological state variables directly. In these cases, the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) represents a useful tool to monitor the hydrodynamics of the infiltration and to estimate hydraulic parameters and state variables, such as hydraulic conductivity and water content. We propose an integrated approach aimed at predicting water content dynamics in calcarenite, a sedimentary carbonatic porous rock...
April 25, 2018: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
https://www.readbyqxmd.com/read/29694206/in-situ-x-ray-diffraction-of-shock-compressed-fused-silica
#13
Sally June Tracy, Stefan J Turneaure, Thomas S Duffy
Because of its widespread applications in materials science and geophysics, SiO_{2} has been extensively examined under shock compression. Both quartz and fused silica transform through a so-called "mixed-phase region" to a dense, low compressibility high-pressure phase. For decades, the nature of this phase has been a subject of debate. Proposed structures include crystalline stishovite, another high-pressure crystalline phase, or a dense amorphous phase. Here we use plate-impact experiments and pulsed synchrotron x-ray diffraction to examine the structure of fused silica shock compressed to 63 GPa...
March 30, 2018: Physical Review Letters
https://www.readbyqxmd.com/read/29694205/solvable-model-for-dynamic-mass-transport-in-disordered-geophysical-media
#14
M Marder, Behzad Eftekhari, Tadeusz W Patzek
We present an analytically solvable model for transport in geophysical materials on large length and time scales. It describes the flow of gas to a complicated absorbing boundary over long periods of time. We find a solution to this model using Green's function techniques, and apply the solution to three absorbing networks of increasing complexity.
March 30, 2018: Physical Review Letters
https://www.readbyqxmd.com/read/29694135/solitonic-dispersive-hydrodynamics-theory-and-observation
#15
Michelle D Maiden, Dalton V Anderson, Nevil A Franco, Gennady A El, Mark A Hoefer
Ubiquitous nonlinear waves in dispersive media include localized solitons and extended hydrodynamic states such as dispersive shock waves. Despite their physical prominence and the development of thorough theoretical and experimental investigations of each separately, experiments and a unified theory of solitons and dispersive hydrodynamics are lacking. Here, a general soliton-mean field theory is introduced and used to describe the propagation of solitons in macroscopic hydrodynamic flows. Two universal adiabatic invariants of motion are identified that predict trapping or transmission of solitons by hydrodynamic states...
April 6, 2018: Physical Review Letters
https://www.readbyqxmd.com/read/29692409/gender-inequity-in-speaking-opportunities-at-the-american-geophysical-union-fall-meeting
#16
Heather L Ford, Cameron Brick, Karine Blaufuss, Petra S Dekens
Implicit and explicit biases impede the participation of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematic (STEM) fields. Across career stages, attending conferences and presenting research are ways to spread scientific results, find job opportunities, and gain awards. Here, we present an analysis by gender of the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting speaking opportunities from 2014 to 2016. We find that women were invited and assigned oral presentations less often than men. However, when we control for career stage, we see similar rates between women and men and women sometimes outperform men...
April 24, 2018: Nature Communications
https://www.readbyqxmd.com/read/29681688/geophysical-methods-for-monitoring-soil-stabilization-processes
#17
Sina Saneiyan, Dimitrios Ntarlagiannis, D Dale Werkema, Andréa Ustra
Soil stabilization involves methods used to turn unconsolidated and unstable soil into a stiffer, consolidated medium that could support engineered structures, alter permeability, change subsurface flow, or immobilize contamination through mineral precipitation. Among the variety of available methods carbonate precipitation is a very promising one, especially when it is being induced through common soil borne microbes (MICP - microbial induced carbonate precipitation). Such microbial mediated precipitation has the added benefit of not harming the environment as other methods can be environmentally detrimental...
2018: Journal of Applied Geophysics
https://www.readbyqxmd.com/read/29666384/numerical-simulations-of-a-kilometre-thick-arctic-ice-shelf-consistent-with-ice-grounding-observations
#18
Edward G W Gasson, Robert M DeConto, David Pollard, Chris D Clark
Recently obtained geophysical data show sets of parallel erosional features on the Lomonosov Ridge in the central Arctic Basin, indicative of ice grounding in water depths up to 1280 m. These features have been interpreted as being formed by an ice shelf-either restricted to the Amerasian Basin (the "minimum model") or extending across the entire Arctic Basin. Here, we use a numerical ice sheet-shelf model to explore how such an ice shelf could form. We rule out the "minimum model" and suggest that grounding on the Lomonosov Ridge requires complete Arctic ice shelf cover; this places a minimum estimate on its volume, which would have exceeded that of the modern Greenland Ice Sheet...
April 17, 2018: Nature Communications
https://www.readbyqxmd.com/read/29649871/high-pressure-evolution-of-crystal-bonding-structures-and-properties-of-feooh
#19
Cheng Lu, Changfeng Chen
Recent conflicting reports on the high-pressure structural evolution of iron oxide-hydroxide (FeOOH) offer starkly contrasting scenarios for the hydrogen and oxygen cycles in Earth's interior. Here we explore the crystal structures of FeOOH using an advanced search algorithm combined with first-principles calculations. Our results indicate a phase transition around 70 GPa from the known $\varepsilon$-FeOOH to a new pyrite-type FeOOH (P-FeOOH) phase, and the two phases remain nearly degenerate in an unusually large pressure range...
April 12, 2018: Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
https://www.readbyqxmd.com/read/29619427/determination-of-environmental-factors-affecting-dengue-incidence-in-sleman-district-yogyakarta-indonesia
#20
Tri Wulandari Kesetyaningsih, Sri Andarini, Sudarto, Henny Pramoedyo
Background: Dengue is a disease related to the environment that spreads rapidly. Prevention movement is considered ineffective; therefore, a more efficient early warning system is required. It is required strongly correlated variables to as predictor in early warning system. This study aims to identify the environmental conditions associated with dengue. Materials and methods: This ecological study was conducted on five sub-districts selected based on the trend of the incidence...
2018: African Journal of Infectious Diseases
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