Neutralizing antibodies

The immune escape of Omicron variants significantly subsides by the third dose of an mRNA vaccine. However, it is unclear how Omicron variant-neutralizing antibodies develop under repeated vaccination. We analyze blood samples from 41 BNT162b2 vaccinees following the course of three injections and analyze their B-cell receptor (BCR) repertoires at six time points in total. The concomitant reactivity to both ancestral and Omicron receptor-binding domain (RBD) is achieved by a limited number of BCR clonotypes depending on the accumulation of somatic hypermutation (SHM) after the third dose...

BACKGROUND: Both functional brain imaging studies and autopsy reports have indicated the presence of synaptic loss in the brains of depressed patients. The activated microglia may dysfunctionally engulf neuronal synapses, leading to synaptic loss and behavioral impairments in depression. However, the mechanisms of microglial-synaptic interaction under depressive conditions remain unclear. METHODS: We utilized lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce a mouse model of depression, examining the effects of LPS on behaviors, synapses, microglia, microglial phagocytosis of synapses, and the C1q/C3-CR3 complement signaling pathway...

INTRODUCTION: Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy is a common immune-mediated kidney disease leading to high blood pressure and may progress to kidney failure. None of the present treatments are disease-modifying or prolong life. The levels of A Proliferation Inducing Ligand (APRIL) are raised in subjects with IgA nephropathy. Sibeprenlimab is a humanized IgG2 monoclonal antibody that binds to, and neutralizes, APRIL. AREAS COVERED: A phase 2 clinical trial of intravenous sibeprenlimab (VIS649) in IgA nephropathy: NCT04287985...

Considering that neutralizing antibody levels induced by two doses of the inactivated vaccine decreased over time and had fallen to low levels by 6 months, and homologous and heterologous booster immunization programs have been implemented in adults in China. The booster immunization of recombinant COVID-19 vaccine (ZF2001) after priming with inactivated vaccine in healthy children and adolescents has not been reported. We performed an open-labeled, single-arm clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of heterologous booster immunization with ZF2001 after priming with inactivated vaccine among 240 population aged 3-17 years in China...

BACKGROUND: Monoclonal antibody therapy for Covid-19 springs up all over the world and get some efficiency. This research aims to explore the treating effect of BRII-196(Ambavirumab) plus BRII-198(Lomisivir) on Covid-19. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort research, patients received standard care or plus BRII-196 /BRII-198 monoclonal antibodies. General comparison of clinical indexes and prognosis between Antibody Group and Control Group was made. Further, according to the antibody using time and patients' condition, subgroups included Early antibody group, Late antibody group, Mild Antibody Group, Mild Control Group, Severe Antibody Group and Severe Control Group...

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) vaccines have been long overdue. Structure-based vaccine design created a new momentum in the last decade, and the first RSV vaccines have finally been approved in older adults and pregnant individuals. These vaccines are based on recombinant stabilized pre-fusion F glycoproteins administered as soluble proteins. Multimeric antigenic display could markedly improve immunogenicity and should be evaluated in the next generations of vaccines. Here we tested a new virus like particles-based vaccine platform which utilizes the direct fusion of an immunogen of interest to the structural human immunodeficient virus (HIV) protein Gag to increase its surface density and immunogenicity...

OBJECTIVES: Determine SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody incidence over time in unvaccinated pediatric healthcare workers (pHCWs). DESIGN: Prospective longitudinal cohort of unvaccinated pHCWs measuring incidence of new infection after initial prevalence was established at 4.1% with seropositive predominance in emergency department (ED)-based pHCWs. Serum samples were collected at follow-up visits to detect new SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity. Univariate analysis was performed to estimate different incidence rates between participant demographics, job, employment location and community risk factors...

BACKGROUND: The understanding of dynamic plasma proteome features in hybrid immunity and breakthrough infection is limited. A deeper understanding of the immune differences between heterologous and homologous immunization could assist in the future establishment of vaccination strategies. METHODS: In this study, 40 participants who received a third dose of either a homologous BBIBP-CorV or a heterologous ZF2001 protein subunit vaccine following two doses of inactivated coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines and 12 patients with BA...

BACKGROUND: The innate immune cytokine interleukin (IL)-1 can affect T cell immunity, a critical factor in host defense. In a previous study, we identified a subset of human CD4+ T cells which express IL-1 receptor 1 (IL-1R1). However, the expression of such receptor by viral antigen-specific CD4+ T cells and its biological implication remain largely unexplored. This led us to investigate the implication of IL-1R1 in the development of viral antigen-specific CD4+ T cell responses in humans, including healthy individuals and patients with primary antibody deficiency (PAD), and animals...

While micronutrients are crucial for immune function, their impact on humoral responses to inactivated COVID-19 vaccination remains unclear. We investigated the associations between seven key micronutrients and antibody responses in 44 healthy adults with two doses of an inactivated COVID-19 vaccine. Blood samples were collected pre-vaccination and 28 days post-booster. We measured circulating minerals (iron, zinc, copper, and selenium) and vitamins (A, D, and E) concentrations alongside antibody responses and assessed their associations using linear regression analyses...

Human Immunodeficiency Viruses (HIV) continue to pose a significant global health threat despite the availability of antiretroviral therapy (ART). As a retrovirus, HIV persists as a stable, integrated, and replication-competent provirus within a diverse array of long-lived cells for many years, often termed "latent reservoirs" in individuals. Thus, this review aims to furnish a comprehensive overview of diverse tissue reservoirs where HIV persists, elucidating their pathogenesis and advancement in their strategies for clinical management...

INTRODUCTION: SARS-CoV-2 vaccines production and distribution enabled the return to normalcy worldwide, but it was not fast enough to avoid the emergence of variants capable of evading immune response induced by prior infections and vaccination. This study evaluated, against Omicron sublineages BA.1, BA.5 and BQ.1.1, the antibody response of a cohort vaccinated with a two doses CoronaVac protocol and followed by two heterologous booster doses. METHODS: To assess vaccination effectiveness, serum samples were collected from 160 individuals, in 3 different time points (9, 12 and 18 months after CoronaVac protocol)...

The dosing interval for effective recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-mediated gene therapy of cystic fibrosis lung disease remains unknown. Here, we assessed the durability of rAAV2.5T-fCFTRΔR-mediated transgene expression and neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses in lungs of adult wild-type ferrets. Within the first 3 months following rAAV2.5T-fCFTRΔR delivery to the lung, CFTRΔR transgene expression declined ∼5.6-fold and then remained stable to 5 months at ∼26% the level of endogenous CFTR ...

Here we conducted a multicenter open-label, randomized phase 2 and 3 study to assess the safety and immunogenicity of a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron-specific (BA.1/B.1.1.529), monovalent, thermostable, self-amplifying mRNA vaccine, GEMCOVAC-OM, when administered intradermally as a booster in healthy adults who had received two doses of BBV152 or ChAdOx1 nCoV-19. GEMCOVAC-OM was well tolerated with no related serious adverse events in both phase 2 and phase 3. In phase 2, the safety and immunogenicity of GEMCOVAC-OM was compared with our prototype mRNA vaccine GEMCOVAC-19 (D614G variant-specific) in 140 participants...

To evaluate immune responses to COVID-19 vaccines in adults aged 50 years and older, spike protein (S)-specific antibody concentration, avidity, and function (via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) inhibition surrogate neutralization and antibody dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP)), as well as S-specific T cells were quantified via activation induced marker (AIM) assay in response to two-dose series. Eighty-four adults were vaccinated with either: mRNA/mRNA (mRNA-1273 and/or BNT162b2); ChAdOx1-S/mRNA; or ChAdOx1-S/ChAdOx1-S...

Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is a common neurological complication caused by diabetes mellitus (DM). Axonal degeneration is generally accepted to be the major pathological change in peripheral DN. Taurine has been evidenced to be neuroprotective in various aspects, but its effect on spinal cord axon injury (SCAI) in DN remains barely reported. This study showed that taurine significantly ameliorated axonal damage of spinal cord (SC), based on morphological and functional analyses, in a rat model of DN induced by streptozotocin (STZ)...

Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 were developed during the pandemic including the BNT162b2 and the mRNA-1273. We evaluated the levels of binding antibodies against the receptor binding domain and the levels of NAbs in individuals who developed a breakthrough infection after having received three doses of mRNA-1273. A total of 51 participants were included. The breakthrough group was compared to a 1:1 matched-control group. Among the 51 individuals, 18 (35%) developed a breakthrough infection. The GMT of NAbs against the BA...

Infectious bursa disease (IBD) is an acute, highly contactable, lethal, immunosuppressive infectious disease caused by the Infectious bursa disease virus (IBDV). Currently, the emerged novel variant IBDV (nVarIBDV) and the sustainedly prevalent very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) are the two most prevalent strains of IBDV in China. The antigenic properties of the two prevalent strains differed significantly, which led to the escape of nVarIBDV from the immune protection provided by the existing vvIBDV vaccine. However, the molecular basis of the nVarIBDV immune escape remains unclear...

Rabies control remains challenging in low and middle-income countries, mostly due to lack of financial resources, rapid turnover of dog populations and poor accessibility to dogs. Rabies is endemic in Cambodia, where no national rabies vaccination program is implemented. The objective of this study was to assess the short and long-term vaccination-induced immunity in Cambodian dogs under field conditions, and to propose optimized vaccination strategies. A cohort of 351 dogs was followed at regular time points following primary vaccination only (PV) or PV plus single booster (BV)...

To address the need for multivalent vaccines against Coronaviridae that can be rapidly developed and manufactured, we compared antibody responses against SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and several variants of concern in mice immunized with mRNA-lipid nanoparticle vaccines encoding homodimers or heterodimers of SARS-CoV/SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domains. All vaccine constructs induced robust anti-RBD antibody responses, and the heterodimeric vaccine elicited an IgG response capable of cross-neutralizing SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan-Hu-1, B...