Anemia in HIV

BACKGROUND: Anemia may be associated with poor clinical outcomes among people living with HIV (PLHIV) despite highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). There are concerns that iron supplementation may be unsafe to prevent and treat anemia among PLHIV. We sought to evaluate the associations of anemia and iron supplementation with mortality and viral load among PLHIV in Tanzania. METHODS: We analyzed data from a cohort of 70,442 non-pregnant adult PLHIV in Tanzania conducted between 2015 and 2019...

Mozambique has one of the highest child undernutrition rates in Sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of this study was to characterize the profile of children from 1 to 14 years old hospitalized for undernutrition and to explore associated risk factors. Clinical, demographic, socioeconomic, and environmental data were collected. Anthropometric measurements and stool samples were collected from a child and their caretaker. The wealth index was determined using Principal Components Analysis. A total of 449 children and their caretakers were enrolled...

Cryptococcal meningitis should be considered in individuals diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and presenting with a cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4)-helper T cell count below 100 cells/ml. The 2022 guidelines from the World Health Organization (WHO) advocate for initiating treatment with a high dose (10 mg/kg) of liposomal amphotericin B, followed by flucytosine and fluconazole for a two-week duration. Additionally, alternative treatment options involving a combination of flucytosine and fluconazole are recommended...

OBJECTIVES: Disease progression, loss to follow-up, and mortality of HIV-2 compared with HIV-1 in children is not well understood. This is the first nationwide study reporting outcomes in children with the two HIV types in Guinea-Bissau. STUDY DESIGN: Nationwide retrospective follow-up study. METHODS: This is a retrospective follow-up study among HIV-infected children <15 years at nine ART centers from 2006 to 2021. Baseline parameters and disease outcomes for children with HIV-2 and HIV-1 were compared...

BACKGROUND: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), or kala-azar, is a common comorbidity in patients with AIDS in endemic areas. Many patients continue to experiences relapses of VL despite virological control, but with immunological failure. These patients remain chronically symptomatic with hypersplenism, for example with anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and are at risk of severe co-infection due to low CD4+ count. Therefore, in this study, splenectomized patients with VL and HIV infection were investigated to understand why the CD4+ count fails to recover in these patients, evaluating the importance of spleen mass for hypersplenism and immunological failure...

INTRODUCTION: Paediatric HIV and sickle cell disease (SCD) are two stigmatising and potentially fatal illnesses that place a significant burden on families. HIV patients benefit from a longstanding free-service national programme in Cameroon, and this could considerably alleviate burden of care on HIV caregivers, possibly leading to better quality of life (QoL) in HIV caregivers compared to SCD caregivers. Our study aimed to compare the QoL between caregivers of children and adolescents with SCD and HIV and explore factors associated with this QoL in Cameroon...

INTRODUCTION: The migrant population residing in Portugal has been growing. In 2015, the pediatrics department at Professor Doutor Fernando Fonseca Hospital, a level II hospital, implemented a screening for endemic pathologies in asymptomatic migrant children to enable their timely diagnosis and treatment. This study aimed to identify and characterize the main findings in the migrant pathology screening. METHODS: This was a retrospective and descriptive study of asymptomatic children and adolescents who underwent opportunistic screening for migrant pathology in a hospital setting between January 2016 and April 2021...

BACKGROUND: Due to the low prevalence of clinically suspected malaria among pregnant women in Myanmar, little is known about its impact on mothers and newborns. Helminth and Human Immuno-deficiency Virus (HIV) co-infections cause anemia in pregnant women. This study assessed the prevalence of subclinical malaria and co-infections among pregnant women, and its association with adverse outcomes of pregnancy in the presence of infection. METHODS: A prospective longitudinal study was conducted in 12 villages in two townships in Myanmar between 2013 to 2015...

INTRODUCTION: Anal carcinoma is a relatively uncommon tumor that accounts for less than 2% of large bowel malignancies and approximately 1-6% of anorectal tumors. Most anal cancers originate in the mucosa between the anorectal junction and the anal verge. Risk factors for anal carcinoma include human papillomavirus (HPV), immunosuppression, older age, female gender, and smoking. Approximately 85% of anal cancers are squamous cell carcinoma, and the pathophysiology is believed to be linked to HPV-related inflammation, leading to dysplasia and progression to cancer...

This review delves into the intricate relationship between anemia, iron metabolism, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), aiming to unravel the interconnected pathways that contribute to the complex interplay between these 3 entities. A systematic exploration of relevant literature was conducted, encompassing studies examining the association between anemia, iron status, and HIV infection. Both clinical and preclinical investigations were analyzed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms linking these components...

BACKGROUND: Under-five mortality remains concentrated in resource-poor countries. Post-discharge mortality is becoming increasingly recognized as a significant contributor to overall child mortality. With a substantial recent expansion of research and novel data synthesis methods, this study aims to update the current evidence base by providing a more nuanced understanding of the burden and associated risk factors of pediatric post-discharge mortality after acute illness. METHODS: Eligible studies published between January 1, 2017 and January 31, 2023, were retrieved using MEDLINE, Embase, and CINAHL databases...

Bartonelloses are diseases caused by Bartonella sp., transmitted to humans by blood sucking arthropod vectors. Clinical presentations include bacillary angiomatosis, cat scratch disease and atypical forms. We performed a review of cases of bartonelloses and hematological malignancies published in HIV-negative patients. Terms used were Bartonella or Bacillary Angiomatosis and Leukemia, Lymphoma, Multiple Myeloma, or Cancer. Fifteen cases met our criteria. Clinical presentations included bacillary angiomatosis, chronic fever, chronic lymphadenopathy, osteomyelitis, neuroretinitis, chronic anemia and hepatosplenic peliosis...

BACKGROUND: Cytopenias serve as common indicators and crucial predictive tools for evaluating disease progression and therapeutic outcomes in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of cytopenias and their correlation with the level of immunosuppression in treatment-naive HIV-infected participants after initiating highly active combined antiretroviral drug therapy (cART24). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study focused on evaluating cytopenia in 44 treatment-naive HIV-infected patients who consented to initiate cART and were consecutively enrolled...

BACKGROUND: Approximately 32 million pregnant women are at risk of malaria with up to 10,000 maternal deaths and 200,000 neonates at risk annually. Intermittent Preventive Treatment (IPT) with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) to reduce disease in pregnancy and adverse maternal and newborn outcomes. At least three doses of SP should be taken by pregnant women during antenatal consultation (ANC) beginning from the thirteenth week of pregnancy till parturition...

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), a potent and commonly used antiretroviral drug, is associated with renal tubular dysfunction and renal adverse events. We evaluated the frequency of, time to, and baseline risk factors for discontinuing TDF from initial antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens because of renal adverse events from presumed tenofovir renal toxicity. We conducted an observational cohort study as a secondary analysis of data from four clinical trials conducted mainly in low- and middle-income countries...

Epstein-Barr virus-associated smooth muscle tumor (EBV-SMT) is rare in adults. The presence of intratumoral T lymphocytes and primitive rounded cells characterized this neoplasm. We report a 24-year-old Chinese man who developed EBV-SMT in the right adrenal gland with hepatitis B infection and autoimmune hemolytic anemia without a history of HIV infection, primary immune deficiency, organ transplantation, or malignant tumor. This patient had an unknown immunodeficient state. EBV-SMTs are commonly located in the liver, lung, and gastrointestinal tract but rarely in the adrenal gland...

Human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) viremia is associated with refractory conditions in patients infected with HIV-1. Therefore, we evaluated the factors related to plasma HHV-8-DNA. Participants included patients infected with HIV-1 who visited our hospital. Plasma HHV-8-DNA levels were measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction, and anti-HHV-8 antibodies were assessed through enzyme immunoassays using multiple antigens (K8.1, ORF59, ORF65, and LANA). Factors related to plasma HHV-8-DNA were examined using Fisher's exact test or Mann-Whitney U test...

BACKGROUND: In spite of the global decreasing mortality associated with HIV, adolescents living with HIV (ADLHIV) in sub-Saharan Africa still experience about 50% mortality rate. We sought to evaluate survival rates and determinants of mortality amongst ADLHIV receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in urban and rural settings. METHODS: A multi-centered, 10-year retrospective, cohort-study including ADLHIV on ART ≥ 6 months in the urban and rural settings of the Centre Region of Cameroon...

OBJECTIVE: To identify host factors associated with false-negative results of interferon-γ release tests in adults with active tuberculosis. METHODS: The clinical data of 943 patients with active tuberculosis diagnosed by acid-fast smear staining, Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture, Mycobacterium tuberculosis PCR and pathological examination at West China Hospital of Sichuan University were retrospectively analysed. According to the results of the interferon γ release test (IGRA), the patients were divided into the IGRA- group and IGRA+ group...

BACKGROUND: Anemia is a significant public health problem in HIV/AIDS patients worldwide. This study is aimed to determine the prevalence of anemia and its risk factors among HIV-infected adults in Sawla General Hospital, southern Ethiopia. METHODS: A facility-based cross-sectional study involving HIV-infected adults was conducted in ART clinic of Sawla General Hospital from April 01 to May 31, 2019. A systematic random sampling technique was employed to recruit the study participants...