Torque

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the stability and mechanical properties of the double chevron-cut (DCC) and biplanar (BP) distal femoral osteotomy (DFO) techniques, along with analyzing their respective contact surface areas. METHODS: Biomechanical testing was performed using sawbone and 3D modeling techniques to assess axial and torsional stability, torsional stiffness, and maximum torque of both osteotomy configurations. Additionally, 3D models of the sawbone femur were created to calculate and compare the contact surface area of the DCC, BP, and conventional single-plane DFO techniques...

Thiovulum majus, which is one of the fastest known bacteria, swims using hundreds of flagella. Unlike typical pusher cells, which swim in circular paths over hard surfaces, T. majus localize near hard boundaries by turning their flagella to exert a net force normal to the surface. To probe the torques that stabilize this hydrodynamically bound state, the trajectories of several thousand collisions between a T. majus cell and a wall of a quasi-two-dimensional microfluidic chamber are analyzed. Measuring the fraction of cells escaping the wall either to the left or to the right of the point of contact-and how this probability varies with incident angle and time spent in contact with the surface-maps the scattering dynamics onto a first passage problem...

Bacterial chemotaxis requires bidirectional flagellar rotation at different rates. Rotation is driven by a flagellar motor, which is a supercomplex containing multiple rings. Architectural uncertainty regarding the cytoplasmic C-ring, or 'switch', limits our understanding of how the motor transmits torque and direction to the flagellar rod. Here we report cryogenic electron microscopy structures for Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium inner membrane MS-ring and C-ring in a counterclockwise pose (4.0 Å) and isolated C-ring in a clockwise pose alone (4...

Viruses can infect the brain in individuals with and without HIV-infection: however, the brain virome is poorly characterized. Metabolic alterations have been identified which predispose people to substance use disorder (SUD), but whether these could be triggered by viral infection of the brain is unknown. We used a target-enrichment, deep sequencing platform and bioinformatic pipeline named "ViroFind", for the unbiased characterization of DNA and RNA viruses in brain samples obtained from the National Neuro-AIDS Tissue Consortium...

This study tackles the complex task of integrating wind energy systems into the electric grid, facing challenges such as power oscillations and unreliable energy generation due to fluctuating wind speeds. Focused on wind energy conversion systems, particularly those utilizing double-fed induction generators (DFIGs), the research introduces a novel approach to enhance Direct Power Control (DPC) effectiveness. Traditional DPC, while simple, encounters issues like torque ripples and reduced power quality due to a hysteresis controller...

INTRODUCTION: Although neuromuscular function varies significantly between strength and endurance-trained adult athletes, it has yet to be ascertained whether such differences manifest by early adolescence. The aim of the present study was to compare knee extensor neuromuscular characteristics between adolescent athletes who are representative of strength (wrestling) or endurance (triathlon) sports. METHODS: Twenty-three triathletes (TRI), 12 wrestlers (WRE) and 12 untrained (CON) male adolescents aged 13 to 15 years participated in the present study...

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to statistically compare the rate of torque development normalized by maximal strength (relative RTD) across ankle angles. Additionally, this study was aimed at exploring the correlation coefficients between relative RTD and passive stiffness of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) at different ankle angles. METHODS: Twenty-two healthy men and women (age: 31 ± 4 years) performed randomly-ordered explosive isometric plantar flexions at plantarflexed (15°), neutral (0°), and dorsiflexed (- 15°) angles; relative RTD comprised the slope of the time-torque curve normalized to maximal torque...

The CNS may produce the same endpoint trajectory or torque profile with different muscle activation patterns. What differentiates these patterns is the presence of co-contraction, which does not contribute to effective torque generation but allows to modulate joints' mechanical stiffness. While it has been suggested that the generation of force and the modulation of stiffness rely on separate pathways, a characterization of the differences between the synaptic inputs to motor neurons (MNs) underlying these tasks is still missing...

BACKGROUND: Here, we assessed a new trajectory and insertion torque for the placement of a long lateral mass screw (LLMS) that offers stronger posterior fixation versus a shorter lateral mass screw (LMS) in the posterior cervical spine. We report a short technical note of the insertion torque of LLMS. METHODS: The insertion trajectory/torque was evaluated in 30 patients (10 males and 20 females) undergoing posterior cervical LLMS fusions (2021-2023). Patients averaged 65 years of age...

This paper aims to reduce friction pair erosion of the clutch in the case of continuous shift; the dynamic separation process of the friction pair is investigated. The temperature of the friction pair, friction torque, and separation speed in the separation process are taken as the research objects, and the dynamics simulation model and finite element thermal coupling simulation model of the clutch separation process are established. The nonlinear dynamic separation characteristics of the friction pair are investigated by comparing and analyzing the effects of control parameters such as rotational speed difference, damping ratio, and lubricant viscosity on the friction torque, friction pair separation speed, separation gap, and contact stress during the separation process...

To minimize condylar positional and morphological changes after mandibular advancement through bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy (BSSRO), surgeons add either a bicortical screw or a two-hole plate distal to the conventional single miniplate. Since there have been no previous studies investigating the effect of this combination, our study aimed to evaluate the short- and long-term effects of these adjunctive fixation methods (AFM) on condylar positional and morphological changes after mandibular advancement through BSSRO...

Animals have evolved highly effective locomotion capabilities in terrestrial, aerial, and aquatic
environments. Over life's history, mass extinctions have wiped out unique animal species with specialized
adaptations, leaving paleontologists to reconstruct their locomotion through fossil analysis. Despite
advancements, little is known about how extinct megafauna, such as the Ichthyosauria one of the most
successful lineages of marine reptiles, utilized their varied morphologies for swimming...

Incomitant hypotropia in thyroid eye disease can be difficult to manage, especially in the presence of orthotropia with fusion in down gaze and reading position. Recessing the affected ipsilateral inferior rectus muscle may result in an undesirable downgaze diplopia secondary to a hypertropia in downgaze. Various surgical techniques have been described to manage this potential complication including asymmetric recession of both inferior rectus muscles, posterior myoscleropexy operation, and the Scott recess/resect procedure of the contralateral inferior rectus...

Recently, the altermagnetic materials with spin splitting effect (SSE), have drawn significant attention due to their potential to the flexible control of the spin polarization by the Néel vector. Here, the direct and inverse altermagnetic SSE (ASSE) in the (101)-oriented RuO2 film with the tilted Néel vector are reported. First, the spin torque along the x-, y-, and z-axis is detected from the spin torque-induced ferromagnetic resonance (ST-FMR), and the z-spin torque emerges when the electric current is along the [010] direction, showing the anisotropic spin splitting of RuO2 ...

Spin-transfer torque (STT) and spin-orbit torque (SOT) form the core of spintronics, allowing for the control of magnetization through electric currents. While the sign of SOT can be manipulated through material and structural engineering, it is conventionally understood that STT lacks a degree of freedom in its sign. However, this study presents the first demonstration of manipulating the STT sign by engineering heavy metals adjacent to magnetic materials in magnetic heterostructures. Spin torques are quantified through magnetic domain-wall speed measurements, and subsequently, both STT and SOT are systematically extracted from these measurements...

PURPOSE: Osteoporotic individuals who have dental implants usually require a prolonged healing time for osseointegration due to the shortage of bone mass and the lack of initial stability. Although studies have shown that intermittent teriparatide administration can promote osseointegration, there is little data to support the idea that pre-implantation administration is necessary and beneficial. METHODS: Sixty-four titanium implants were placed in the bilateral proximal tibial metaphysis in 32 female SD rats...

The incorporation of randomness into stochastic computing can provide ample opportunities for applications such as simulated annealing, non-polynomial hard problem solving, and Bayesian neuron networks. In these cases, a considerable number of random numbers with an accurate and configurable probability distribution function (PDF) are indispensable. Preferably, these random numbers are provided at the hardware level to improve speed, efficiency, and parallelism. In this paper, how spin-orbit torque magnetic tunnel junctions (SOT-MTJs) with high barriers are suitable candidates for the desired true random number generators is demonstrated...

A magnon is a collective excitation of the spin structure in a magnetic insulator and can transmit spin angular momentum with negligible dissipation. This quantum of a spin wave has always been manipulated through magnetic dipoles (that is, by breaking time-reversal symmetry). Here we report the experimental observation of chiral spin transport in multiferroic BiFeO3 and its control by reversing the ferroelectric polarization (that is, by breaking spatial inversion symmetry). The ferroelectrically controlled magnons show up to 18% modulation at room temperature...

This study aims to optimize the composite excipients suitable for the preparation of concentrated water pills of personalized traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions by the extruding-rounding method and investigate the roles of each excipient in the preparation process. The fiber materials and powder materials were taken as the standard materials suitable as excipients in the preparation of personalized concentrated water pills without excipient. Water absorption properties and torque rheology were used as indicators for selecting the materials of composite excipients...

The physiological mechanisms determining the progressive decline in the maximal muscle torque production capacity during isometric contractions to task failure are known to depend on task demands. Task-specificity of the associated adjustments in motor unit discharge rate (MUDR), however, remains unclear. This study examined MUDR adjustments during different submaximal isometric knee extension tasks to failure. Participants performed a sustained and an intermittent task at 20% and 50% of maximal voluntary torque (MVT), respectively (Experiment 1)...