Gad2

Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a neuropsychiatric disorder, caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The etiology behind the disorder remains elusive although it is hypothesized to be associated with the aberrant response to neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and glutamate. Therefore, investigating the link between dysregulated metabolites and distorted neurodevelopment holds promise to offer valuable insights into the underlying mechanism of this complex disorder. In this study, we aimed to explore a presumed correlation between the transcriptome and the metabolome in a SCZ model based on patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)...

Optimal stomatal regulation is important for plant adaptation to changing environmental conditions and for maintaining crop yield. The guard-cell signal GABA is produced from glutamate by Glutamate Decarboxylase (GAD) during a reaction that generates carbon dioxide (CO2) as a by-product. Here, we investigated a putative connection between GABA signalling and the more clearly defined CO2 signalling pathway in guard cells. The GABA-deficient mutant lines gad2-1, gad2-2 and gad1/2/4/5 were examined for stomatal sensitivity to various CO2 concentrations...

BACKGROUND: As the stages of the COVID-19 pandemic evolved, the symptoms of depression, anxiety, and insomnia have increasingly manifested among Chinese college students. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationships between these symptoms through network analysis among Chinese college students during COVID-19. METHOD: A three-wave cross-sectional survey was conducted at 22 colleges in Guangdong Province, involving 381,152 students during three specific time intervals: T1 (baseline, February 3 to 10, 2020), T2 (19 months after baseline, June 10 to 18, 2021), and T3 (37 months after baseline, March 15 to April 22, 2023)...

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common head and neck malignancy. The oncometabolites have been studied in OSCC, but the mechanism of metabolic reprogramming remains unclear. To identify the potential metabolic markers to distinguish malignant oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) tissue from adjacent healthy tissue and study the mechanism of metabolic reprogramming in OSCC. We compared the metabolites between cancerous and paracancerous tissues of OSCC patients by 1 HNMR analysis. We established OSCC derived cell lines and analyzed their difference of RNA expression by RNA sequencing...

BACKGROUND: Hypertension is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases among the older adult population in China and older adults with hypertension are more susceptible to mental health problems. This study aimed to explore the network structure of depression and anxiety, and their association with life satisfaction (LS) in older adults with hypertension. METHODS: A total of 4,993 hypertensive individuals aged 60 and above were selected from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS 2017-2018)...

Enhancement of wakefulness is a prerequisite for adaptive behaviors to cope with acute stress, but hyperarousal is associated with impaired behavioral performance. Although the neural circuitries promoting wakefulness in acute stress conditions have been extensively identified, less is known about the circuit mechanisms constraining wakefulness to prevent hyperarousal. Here, we found that chemogenetic or optogenetic activation of GAD2-positive GABAergic neurons in the midbrain dorsal raphe nucleus (DRNGAD2 ) decreased wakefulness, while inhibition or ablation of these neurons produced an increase in wakefulness along with hyperactivity...

POGZ (Pogo transposable element derived with ZNF domain) is known to function as a regulator of gene expression. While variations in the POGZ gene have been associated with intellectual disabilities and developmental delays in humans, the exact pathophysiological mechanisms remain unclear. To shed light on this, we created two lines of conditional knockout mice for Pogz , one specific to excitatory neurons (Emx1-Pogz mice) and the other to inhibitory neurons (Gad2-Pogz mice) in the brain. Emx1-Pogz mice showed a decrease in body weight, similar to total Pogz knockout mice...

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Rosa damascena is an ancient plant with significance in both medicine and perfumery that have a variety of therapeutic properties, including antidepressant, anti-anxiety, and anti-stress effects. Rose damascena essential oil (REO) has been used to treat depression, anxiety and other neurological related disorders in Iranian traditional medicine. However, its precise mechanism of action remains elusive. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact and mechanism underlying the influence of REO on chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rats...

BACKGROUND: Depression is a significant source of morbidity but often goes undiagnosed. Broader screening is recommended, and pharmacists could contribute. OBJECTIVES: Assess the feasibility of community pharmacy depression and anxiety screening and describe the medication-related problems (MRP) identified, pharmacist interventions, and provider responses for high-risk patients. METHODS: This pilot was conducted between October 2022 and January 2023 at an independently owned community pharmacy in the Midwest U...

γ-Aminobutyric (GABA) acid is a nutrient and signaling molecule existing in many plants, participating in the regulation of metabolism and various physiological activities. Two strains of Hypsizygus marmoreus (a white variety and a brown variety) were investigated to study the impact of exogenous GABA on mycelial growth and the response to stress. Mycelial growth, microscopic morphology, antioxidant profile, and gad2 expression in H. marmoreu were investigated under salt, dehydration, or cold stress. The results indicated that 5 mM GABA stimulated mycelial growth under standard cultivation conditions, whereas GABA addition over 10 mM hindered the growth...

BACKGROUND: For screening for anxiety during pregnancy and after birth to be efficient and effective it is important to know the optimal time to screen in order to identify women who might benefit from treatment. AIMS: To determine the optimal time to screen for perinatal anxiety to identify women with anxiety disorders and those who want treatment. A secondary aim was to examine the stability and course of perinatal anxiety over time. METHODS: Prospective longitudinal cohort study of 2243 women who completed five screening questionnaires of anxiety and mental health symptoms in early pregnancy (11 weeks), mid-pregnancy (23 weeks), late pregnancy (32 weeks) and postnatally (8 weeks)...

BACKGROUND: Using network analysis, the interactions between mental health problems at the symptom level can be explored in depth. As there is a lack of network analysis studies on the mental health of psychiatric clinicians in China in the post-pandemic era, this study examined the network structure of depressive and anxiety symptoms and suicidality among mental health professionals after the end of China's Dynamic Zero-COVID Policy. METHODS: A total of 10,647 mental health professionals were recruited nationwide from January to February 2023...

Glutamate decarboxylase 2 (GAD2) is the most important inhibitory neurotransmitter and plays a role in insulin-producing β cells of pancreatic islets. The limitation of GAD2 expression to a few normal cell types makes GAD2 a potential immunohistochemical diagnostic marker. To evaluate the diagnostic utility of GAD2 immunohistochemistry, a tissue microarray containing 19,202 samples from 152 different tumor entities and 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types was analyzed. In normal tissues, GAD2 staining was restricted to brain and pancreatic islet cells...

The olivocerebellar system, which is critical for sensorimotor performance and learning, functions through modules with feedback loops. The main feedback to the inferior olive comes from the cerebellar nuclei (CN), which are predominantly GABAergic and contralateral. However, for the d subnucleus of the caudomedial accessory olive (cdMAO), a crucial region for oculomotor and upper-body movements, the source of GABAergic input has yet to be identified. Here, we demonstrate the existence of a disynaptic inhibitory projection from the medial CN (MCN) to the cdMAO via the superior colliculus (SC) by exploiting retrograde, anterograde and transsynaptic viral tracing at the light microscopic level as well as anterograde classical and viral tracing combined with immunocytochemistry at the electron microscopic level...

BACKGROUND: The results of our previous studies demonstrated that low sensitivity to negative feedback (NF) is associated with increased vulnerability to the development of compulsive alcohol-seeking in rats. In the present study, we investigated the molecular underpinnings of this relationship. METHODS: Using TaqMan Gene Expression Array Cards, we analyzed the expression of the genes related to NF sensitivity and alcohol metabolism in three cortical regions (medial prefrontal cortex [mPFC], anterior cingulate cortex [ACC], orbitofrontal cortex [OFC]) and two subcortical regions (nucleus accumbens [Nacc], amygdala [Amy])...

BACKGROUND: Neuronal primary cilia are being recognized for their role in mediating signaling associated with a variety of neurobehaviors, including responses to drugs of abuse. They function as signaling hubs, enriched with a diverse array of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), including several associated with motivation and drug-related behaviors. However, our understanding of how cilia regulate neuronal function and behavior is still limited. AIMS: The objective of the current study was to investigate the contributions of primary cilia on specific neuronal populations to behavioral responses to cocaine...

2-Aminobenzothiazole (NTH), a benzothiazole derivative, exhibits potent biochemical activities and plays a significant role in modern industry. Widespread and intensive utilization of NTH has led to its detection in aquatic environments, encompassing both groundwater and surface water. Despite its wide usage, the effect of NTH on developmental neurotoxicity in aquatic organisms remains uncharted. Therefore, the aim of this investigation was to create exposure models for short- and long-term studies in order to analyze the neurobehavioral toxic impact of NTH (0, 50, 500, and 5000 μg/L) on zebrafish, which includes motor function, anxiety, and memory performance, as well as to examine the mechanism of neurotoxicity...

Post-infection sequelae of COVID-19 (PISC) have raised public health concerns. However, it is not clear whether infected mental health professionals (MHPs) with PISC have experienced more psychiatric symptoms than MHPs without PISC do. This study examined differences in the prevalence of self-reported depression, anxiety, insomnia and suicidality as well as the network structures of these symptoms between these two groups. Participants completed questionnaire measures of psychiatric symptoms and demographics...

The creatine (Cr)-phosphocreatine shuttle is essential for ATP homeostasis. In humans, the absence of brain Cr causes significant intellectual disability, epilepsy, and language delay. Mutations of the creatine transporter (SLC6A8) are the most common cause of Cr deficiency. In rodents, Slc6a8 deletion causes deficits in spatial learning, novel object recognition (NOR), as well as in contextual and cued freezing. The mechanisms that underlie these cognitive deficits are not known. Due to the heterogeneous nature of the brain, it is important to determine which systems are affected by a loss of Cr...

It was recently shown that bacteria employ, apart from CRISPR-Cas and restriction systems, a considerable diversity of phage resistance systems1-4 , but it is largely unknown how phages cope with this multilayered bacterial immunity. Here, we analyzed groups of closely related Bacillus phages that showed differential sensitivity to bacterial defense systems, and discovered four distinct families of anti-defense proteins that inhibit the Gabija, Thoeris, and Hachiman systems. We show that these proteins Gad1, Gad2, Tad2, and Had1 efficiently cancel the defensive activity when co-expressed with the respective defense system or introduced into phage genomes...