Jonathan Sterman, Alain Cunqueiro, R Joshua Dym, Michael Spektor, Michael L Lipton, Margarita V Revzin, Meir H Scheinfeld
Electronic stimulation devices are implanted in various locations in the body to decrease pain, modulate nerve function, or stimulate various end organs. The authors describe these devices using a craniocaudal approach, first describing deep brain stimulation (DBS) devices and ending with sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) devices. The radiology-relevant background information for each device and its imaging appearance are also described. These devices have a common design theme and include the following components: (a) a pulse generator that houses the battery and control electronics, (b) an insulated lead or wire that conveys signals to the last component, which is (c) an electrode that contacts the end organ and senses and/or acts on the end organ...
July 2019: Radiographics: a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc