Civil war medicine

This article analyzes the history of immunization against tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) and specifically the processes that led to the creation and application of TBE vaccines in the Soviet Union and Austria. Rather than presenting the development of TBE vaccines from the perspective of national scientific schools, the article investigates their history as a transnational project, focusing on the connections among the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Austria, the United States, and the United Kingdom. It argues that biomedical research on TBE was profoundly intertwined with political and military agendas and depended on civil international cooperation as well as Soviet, American, and British military concerns, infrastructures and funding...

As an inseparable part of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), acupuncture has been used in more than 196 countries or regions and has played an increasingly important role in health care. This article introduces Dr. Lian Zhu, MD, who made great contributions to acupuncture development. Dr. Zhu was a medical doctor, a military physician in her early life, and a high-ranking officer in the health care system of the Chinese government. She became famous as an acupuncturist after learning acupuncture in 1945. She was highly influenced by Zhijun Lu, MD, who learned acupuncture from Zuotian Ren, a TCM doctor in Yan'an, who had cured Chairman Mao Zedong's intractable shoulder pain...

BACKGROUND: As a critical infrastructure (CRITIS) and soft target with high symbolic power, hospitals have to prepare for terrorist attacks, rampages, and establish damage-prevention measures. METHOD: The terrorist threat situation was quantified using an evaluation of the terrorist event database (TED) from 1970 to 2017. Additionally, the threat perception and precautionary measures were recorded by an online survey among the leaders of German emergency departments...

Effective models for aligning public health and civil society at the local level have the potential to impact various global health issues, including tobacco. Georgia and Armenia Teams for Healthy Environments and Research (GATHER) is a collaboration between Armenia, Georgia and U.S. researchers involving a community randomized trial testing the impact of community coalitions to promote smoke-free policy adoption and compliance in various settings. Community Coalition Action Theory (CCAT) was used to guide and describe coalition formation, implementation and effectiveness...

This article examines the links between mental illness and the Finnish Civil War of 1918. Based on the study of patient records from a large state mental hospital, the article discusses the mental wounds of both servicemen and civilians and focuses on fear as an essential component in the onset of mental disorder. An examination of patient records reveals how civil war affected the mental health of ordinary people and created a collective psychological atmosphere of fear and anxiety. What this article also demonstrates is that, during and after the war, patients who were mentally scarred by the atrocities were neither categorised nor diagnosed any differently from other mental patients...

The North of Jiangsu was a traditional area for leprosy in Chinese history. In the period of the Republic of China, one of the largest leprosy clinics in China was established in Ru Gao (Jugao) with the help of Chinese and foreign charitable organizations, the Chinese central government and some squires. It was the only large clinic for leprosy in the North of Jiangsu. It was officially opened in 1924, attached to the Presbyterian Church hospital, and was closed in 1927 after the breakout of the civil war. It reopened in May 1933, hosted by a leprologist, Lee S...

The article considers the period of becoming of transfusiology in the USSR that fell on times of the First World War, the October Revolution, the Civil War and scrambling for power of various political forces. This scramble resulted in victory by forces that did not consider A. A. Bogdanov as an ideological enemy. It allowed him, already withdrew from political activity, to develop and to embody his concept of blood transfusion even in conditions of shortage of resources. The development of theory of A. A. Bogdanov from his early literary works to first experiments with blood transfusion is demonstrated...

The Declaration of Alma-Ata remains one of the momentous documents of public health. Its origins lie both in postwar efforts to improve population health in low-income countries and in social medicine promoted decades earlier in Europe. For industrialized countries in East and West, Alma-Ata, therefore, should have provided health-related guidelines both for domestic and foreign policy, though political interpretations of the social components of medicine and health differed. Due to its unique history of ideologically informed division after 1945, Germany forms a fascinating case study...

The largest threat to civilization since the Second World War is the spread of the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Therefore, there is an urgent need for innovative therapeutic medicines to treat COVID-19. Reusing bio-actives is a workable and efficient strategy in the battle against new epidemics because the process of developing new drugs is time-consuming. This research aimed to identify which herbal remedies had the highest affinity for the receptor and assess a variety of them for potential targets to suppress the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro ...

IMPORTANCE: Understanding the association of civil violence with mental disorders is important for developing effective postconflict recovery policies. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the association between exposure to civil violence and the subsequent onset and persistence of common mental disorders (in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition [DSM-IV]) in representative surveys of civilians from countries that have experienced civil violence since World War II...

Juneteenth commemorates the freeing of the last large group of enslaved people in 1865 at the end of the American Civil War. We asked several Black scientists what Juneteenth means to them in the context of science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine (STEMM)? Their answers run the emotional gamut.

Through the case of the A. A. Marks Artificial Limb Company, this article explores how the technology and business of prosthetics grew in America up to the First World War. In 1853, Amasa A. Marks established the artificial limb company A. A. Marks in New York. By the time of the First World War, the company had become the largest supplier of artificial limbs in the United States and had gained international recognition, exporting its products all over the world. Focusing on the company's growth before the war, this paper analyzes how American artificial limb makers positioned themselves between art and medicine and between surgeons and disabled customers at a time when their occupation had yet to be established as a specialized profession...

The Great Migration, the movement of 6,000,000 black Americans from the South to the great urban centers of the eastern seaboard, the industrial Midwest, and West Coast port cities from roughly 1915-1970, was one of the defining demographic events in American history. It dwarfed the 100,000 49ers who swarmed westward in search of gold, the incarceration of 110,000 Japanese to concentration camps in the American interior during World War II, and the 300,000 Okies who escaped the Dust Bowl to California. In the words of writer Isabel Wilkerson, "[It] swept a good portion of all the black people alive in the United States at the time into a river that carried them to all points north and west...

OBJECTIVE: The civil war that broke out in Syria in 2011 caused 3.7 million Syrians to migrate to Turkiye. Being particularly vulnerable women refugees may experience problems with access to healthcare services. This study aimed to determine the health problems of refugees in Ankara, their access to and use of these services. METHODS: Healthcare-related levels of refugee mothers were assessed using a questionnaire and the study was conducted with the participation of 310 refugee mothers who presented to the Refugee Health Center, between 15 September 2017 and 15 December 2018...

The main task of the Dentistry subsection of the People's Commissariat for Health, established in August 1918, was the creation of qualified, free, scheduled dental care in the country, accessible to the general population. Dentistry reform had to be carried out under the conditions of post-revolutionary devastation, famine and the Civil War, in the absence of sufficient funding, appropriate material base, with a significant shortage of dentists and their negative attitude towards the changes taking place. The problem of lack of equipment, materials and medicines was solved by nationalization of private dental offices, and the dentists who were left without equipment were forced to perform labor, and not all of them were able to survive those difficult years...

Black U.S. Army soldiers had four times as much bacterial pneumonia as White U.S. Army soldiers during both the U.S. Civil War and World War I (WWI). Pneumonia case fatality rates were a third greater in Black soldiers during the U.S. Civil War, but were the same between the racial groups by WWI. During WWII, the use of antibiotics decreased bacterial pneumonia mortality rates 100-fold and apparently erased racial differences. Similar differences in bacterial pneumonia rates by racial group were observed in African colonial soldiers of the French and British Armies during WWI...

BACKGROUND: Critical care medicine is a young branch of medicine, of which the development was much faster in High Income Countries (HICs) than in Low Resources Settings (LRS). Slovenia, as one of the successor states of former Yugoslavia, passed the process of transition and joined the European Union successfully. On the contrary, Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) went through the extremely difficult process of transition (four years of civil war), which left a deep scar to the healthcare system, including critical care medicine...

BACKGROUND: Conflict in the DRC led to a poor health care. HIV/AIDS in children remains one of the leading causes of pediatric morbidity and mortality. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used a sample size of 238 files and aimed to determine the epidemiological profile of children living with HIV at Heal Hospital in 2015. RESULTS: The age ranged from zero to fifteen, with a mean of 6.1 (±3.9) years. Records of PMTCT were noted in 12%...

India is a civilization, not just a country, nation, or government. Taking over the leadership of G20 by India, at a time when the world is battling pandemics, war, energy and climate crisis, and resource restriction is not just appropriately suited politico-economically but socio-culturally as well. COVID-19 proved that the unbelievably diverse world was too complex to be packed into a utopian hold-all one size fits all ideas. However, the fact is that COVID-19 may only have uncovered the crisis, which had been in the making for the latter part of the last century and extending into the current...

BACKGROUND: Physicians from the Mediterranean civilization were profoundly instrumental in the early development and contemporary advancement of the craniomaxillofacial field. These feats are scarcely studied or acclaimed. In this editorial, the authors explore the contributions of these major Mediterranean pioneers. METHODS: A literature review on the subject was performed using PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Mayo Clinic Libraries. RESULTS: Mediterranean medicine has recognized and managed craniomaxillofacial pathologies from as early as the 10th century...