Neuropsychological

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Postoperative delirium is a neuropsychological syndrome that typically occurs in surgical patients. Its onset can lead to prolonged hospitalization as well as increased morbidity and mortality. Therefore, it is important to promptly identify its signs. This study aimed to develop and validate a machine learning predictive model for postoperative delirium using extensive population data. DESIGN: Retrospective observational study. SETTING: Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination inpatient data...

INTRODUCTION: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic pathology that can lead to impaired social functioning that has a negative impact on patients' quality of life. To date, although the hypothesis of impaired social cognition has been proposed as a potential explanation for these difficulties, very few studies have focused on theory of mind in children with NF1. Furthermore, other complex sociocognitive abilities have never been investigated. The aim of the present study was to assess theory of mind, moral reasoning, and social information processing in children with NF1 compared with a control group...

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Cataplexy is the sudden loss of muscle tone often provoked by emotion such as laughter or excitement. Cataplexy is one of the essential diagnostic features of Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1). We describe two cases of isolated cataplexy with different outcomes, highlighting the diagnostic and prognostic challenges. There is conflicting literature as to whether it is a legitimate standalone diagnosis or an early warning sign of narcolepsy. Our cases do not fit with current diagnostic criteria for narcolepsy, yet still share some clinical or laboratory features...

Numerous treatment options are being studied for Alzheimer's disease (AD) given the rising prevalence of this condition worldwide. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a promising option for regulating specific neurological abnormalities pertaining to this condition. This case presents a patient with AD and co-occurring major depressive disorder that received 36 sessions of Deep TMS to the frontal and temporal lobes. This patient experienced improved general cognitive functioning and memory, remission from depression, and reduced slow-frequency theta activity in frontal and temporal sites...

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis is a rare and severe autoimmune encephalitis that displays neuropsychiatric symptoms and autonomic instability, e.g., hypoventilation and cardiac arrhythmia. Severe arrhythmia including asystole associated with this encephalitis is rare. Several causes have been suggested. Nevertheless, no report of the literature has described examination by functional brain imaging of a patient with asystole during anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. This case is that of a 34-year-old woman diagnosed as having anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis...

In this study, Event-Related Potential (ERP) analyzes were performed to detect cognitive impairments in PD with Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS). A total of 85 volunteers underwent ERP analysis and neuropsychological testing (NPT) to determine cognitive level. In ERP analyses, prolonged latencies were observed in PD groups. However, patients implanted with DBS showed a decrease in latencies, a decrease in symptoms and statistical improvements in both cognitive and attention skills. Considering all these data, ERP results are promising as a noninvasive method that can be used in both disease status and diagnosis of PD...

This is a case study of a patient in her 50s who presents with severe malnutrition, alcohol dependence, and untreated Bipolar Affective Disorder. She was hospitalized multiple times and placed in a group home 1 year after symptom onset. Cognitive and functional improvements are observed over a 6-year period, as demonstrated by 3 comprehensive neuropsychological evaluations. Residing in a monitored and structured environment for 6 years, with stability in psychiatric medications, monitored nutrition and abstinence from alcohol are attributed to this improvement...

sErotomania (de Clérambault's syndrome) refers to the delusional belief that another person, usually socially unreachable, is in love with the holder of the delusion. The occurrence of erotomania in Frontotemporal Dementia has rarely been reported. We present the unique case of a 59-year-old woman with a strong family history of early-onset dementia in whom erotomania was the initial manifestation that led to a diagnosis of definite Behavioral Variant of Frontotemporal Dementia with a pathogenic missense mutation in the MAPT gene...

Most individuals recover quickly from a concussion; however, youth who sustain multiple concussions may be at risk for long-term cognitive impairments. This case study examines the neuropsychological performance of a 13-year-old malewith five head injuries. After his first concussion during study participation (fourth injury overall), several improvements were observed, likely due to practice effects, yet after sustaining another concussion <2 years later,declines were observed in visuoconstruction, verbal memory, and intellectual functioning...

Alice in Wonderland syndrome (AIWS) is a rare perceptual disorder characterized mainly by perceptual distortions of visual objects and one's own body. While there are many case reports of visual and somatosensory distortions associated with AIWS, little is known about auditory distortion. Therefore, we present the case of a 22-year-old right-handed woman who described having auditory as well as visual and somatosensory distortion experiences and a family history of AIWS. The subject reported experiencing multisensory perceptual distortions, where she sees other people's faces as larger and hears their voices as louder at the same time...

Trust is a key component of human relationships. Sex differences in trust behavior have been elucidated by parental investment theory and social role theory, attributing men's higher trust propensity to their increased engagement in physically and socially risky activities aimed at securing additional resources. Although sex differences in trust behavior exist and the neuropsychological signatures of trust are known, the underlying anatomical structure of sex differences is still unexplored. Our study aimed to investigate the anatomical structure of sex differences in trust behavior toward strangers (i...

An existing theoretical framework proposes that aberrant temporal processing and a fast internal clock, denoted by overestimation and under-reproduction of time, increases the likelihood of engagement in risky behaviors (ERB). The primary aim of this project was to improve our understanding of the relationship between temporal processing and ERB in college students. The present study used the Wittmann and Paulus (2008) theoretical framework to examine the associations between temporal processing and ERB in college students...

Coarse measures of socioeconomic status, such as parental income or parental education, have been linked to differences in white matter development. However, these measures do not provide insight into specific aspects of an individual's environment and how they relate to brain development. On the other hand, educational intervention studies have shown that changes in an individual's educational context can drive measurable changes in their white matter. These studies, however, rarely consider socioeconomic factors in their results...

Ruptured anterior communicating artery (ACoA) aneurysms are frequently associated with neuropsychological deficits. This review aims to compare neuropsychological outcomes between surgical and endovascular approaches to ACoA. We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science for studies comparing the endovascular and surgical approaches to ruptured ACoA aneurysms. Outcomes of interest were the cognitive function, covered by memory, attention, intelligence, executive, and language domains, as well as motor and visual functions...

OBJECTIVE: A bacterial brain abscess may damage surrounding brain tissue by mass effect, inflammatory processes, and bacterial toxins. The aim of this study was to examine cognitive and functional outcomes at 8 weeks and 1 year following acute treatment. METHODS: Prospective study of 20 patients with bacterial brain abscess (aged 17-73 years; 45% females) with neuropsychological assessment at 8 weeks and 1 year post-treatment. Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version (BRIEF-A) and Patient Competence Rating Scale (PCRS) were used to assess everyday functioning and administered to patients and informants...

A 69-year-old Japanese male presented with acute dystextia and dystypia, defined as texting and typing impairments, respectively. His text input speed decreased due to a phonologically incorrect kana flick input on his smartphone. Additionally, dystypia occurred due to phonemic paragraphia of Romaji. Brain MRI revealed a new left lenticulostriate infarction sparing the cerebral cortex. SPECT showed reduced cerebral blood flow in the left inferior precentral frontal gyrus as well as in the infarction area. It was concluded that his abnormal phonological processes resulted from hypoperfusion in the left inferior precentral gyrus that is assumed to be an endpoint of the arcuate fasciculus...

The trailmaking test (TMT) has an educational bias that makes it inapplicable to people with low levels of education due to its dependence on the alphabet. The TMT standardization is the only one available in Chile, and there is a need for alternative ways of using the TMT that do not depend on the level of education for its applicability. To determine the normative scores of the TMT - black & white (TMT B&W), considering sociodemographic factors in adult and elderly Chilean population. A total sample of 227 participants (133 healthy, 94 cognitively impaired) from the Ageing Mets cohort were recruited from three areas in Chile (Antofagasta, Santiago, and Puerto Montt)...

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by demyelination and neuroinflammation, often accompanied by cognitive impairment. This study aims (1) to investigate the potential of glatiramer acetate (GA) as a therapy for preventing cognitive decline in patients with MS (pwMS) by modulating oxidative stress (OS) and (2) to seek out the differences in cognition between pwMS in a cohort exhibiting good clinical evolution and control subjects (CS). An exploratory, prospective, multicentre, cross-sectional case-control study was conducted, involving three groups at a 1:1:1 ratio-41 GA-treated pwMS, 42 untreated pwMS, and 42 CS...

New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) are modifying the drug scenario worldwide and have become a public health concern because of their toxicological profiles and their harmful physical/psychological effects. 3-Methoxy-Phencyclidine (3-MeO-PCP), a non-competitive antagonist of glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, belongs to the phencyclidine-like subfamily of arylcyclohexylamines and has gained attention for its toxic, sometimes fatal, effects. Despite several cases of intoxication and death reported in the literature, little is known about substance-induced psychotic disorders (SIP) and potential cognitive impairment following 3-MeO-PCP intake...