Nalidixic acid resistance salmonella typhi

INTRODUCTION: Enteric fever, a systemic infection caused by Salmonella enterica Typhi and S. enterica Paratyphi is one of the most common infections in developing countries such as Nepal. Aside from irrational practices of antibiotic use, mutations in chromosomal genes encoding DNA gyrase and Topoisomerase IV and by plasmid mediated quinolone resistant (PMQR) genes are suggested mechanisms for the development of resistance to nalidixic acid and reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin...

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the frequency and the antibiotic resistance patterns of Salmonella species that were isolated from infectious diarrhea samples taken from pediatric patients in central Iran. METHODS: The study analyzed 230 stool specimens that were cultured on XLD, MacConkey agar and GN broth. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was used to identify the Salmonella genus. The antibiotic resistance profiles and the frequency of quinolone and integron genes were obtained...

In Korea, typhoid fever is a rare disease due to improved living standards. However, typhoid fever remains a major burden in developing countries and regions, such as India and Southeast Asia. In this study, we isolated Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi) from eight patients with typhoid fever who were travelers returning from India. The strains isolated were characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility profiling and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis. All strains were resistant to nalidixic acid and azithromycin...

BACKGROUND: Enteric fever is a major health problem in developing countries. Varied clinical presentation leads to diagnostic dilemmas resulting in fatal complications. OBJECTIVE:  To determine the socio-demographic, clinical manifestations, complications, antibiotic sensitivity pattern, treatment, and outcome in hospitalized enteric fever patients. METHODS: A retrospective case record analysis of hospitalized patients in the age group one to 14 years with a discharge diagnosis of enteric fever was done in a tertiary care centre of Odisha over a period of three years (January 2017 to December 2019)...

BACKGROUND: In most low-income countries, febrile-pediatric-cases are often treated empirically with accessible antibiotics without periodic epidemiological surveillance, susceptibility testing, or minimal lethal dose calculations. With this backdrop, the study was undertaken to evaluate the susceptibility trend of Salmonella enterica against the commonly prescribed antibiotics. METHODS: All isolates of Salmonella enterica were identified by standard protocols of biotyping and serotyping, then tested against antibiotics by the modified Kirby disk-diffusion method...

BACKGROUND: Salmonellas enterica serovar Typhi (S.typhi) causes typhoid fever and is a global health problem, especially in developing countries like Ethiopia. But there is a little information about prevalence and factors association with S.typhi and its antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in Ethiopia especially in the study area. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of S.typhi infection, its associated factors and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among patient with a febrile illness at Adare General Hospital, Hawassa, Southern Ethiopia...

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi are causative agents of enteric fever. Salmonella Typhi persists as a biofilm on gallstones. Hence, we studied the biofilm formation, antibiogram, and virulence genes of S. enterica serovars. Antibiogram of S. enterica serovars from human blood and stool samples were studied by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and biofilm by microtiter plate method. We studied the minimum inhibitory concentration of the isolates by Vitek-2 semiautomated system. Polymerase chain reaction was done to detect invA and spvC genes...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Typhoid fever is endemic in most countries, causing major public health problems with high morbidity and mortality, the resistance of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) towards antimicrobials is recently increased. The aim was to detect the harboring gyrA gene in Typhi Salmonella enterica serovar. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolates were obtained from the Teaching laboratories of the medical city in Baghdad, the isolates were obtained from blood specimens from typhoid patients...

In this study, Salmonella isolates recovered from meat (beef and mutton) and meat contact surfaces at retail were investigated to determine their serotype, antibiotic resistance, and biofilm formation ability. Salmonella was found in 29 (24.17%) samples out of 120 samples including 14/50 (28%) of beef, 10/40 (25%) of mutton, and 5/30 (16.67%) of meat contact surfaces. Seven isolates were identified as S. Enteritidis, three as S. Typhimurium, and two as S. Typhi, while the rest of the isolates were considered as other Salmonella spp...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi resistance to quinolones and characterize the underlying mechanism in Jiangsu Province of China. METHODS: Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion system. Quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR), plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinant genes were detected by PCR and sequencing. RESULTS: Out of 239 Salmonella isolates, 164 were S...

Ciprofloxacin is the choice treatment for infections caused by Salmonella Typhi, however, reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin has been reported for this pathogen. Considering the decreased approbation of new antimicrobials and the crisis of resistance, one strategy to combat this problem is to find new targets that enhances the antimicrobial activity for approved antimicrobials. In search of mutants with increased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin; 3,216 EZ-Tn 5 transposon mutants of S . Typhi were screened...

To conduct outbreak identification and transmission factor analysis of typhoid epidemic occurred in Xinqiao town, Jiangyin city from June to September 2016. A total of 14 strains of Salmonella typhi isolated from confirmed cases were collected, and 65 external environment samples and 13 food samples related to the outbreak were taken. Real-time PCR was used to detect specific gene of Salmonella typhi in the samples. Conventional method was used to isolate strains. The strains isolated from both the samples and patients in the epidemic were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing and PFGE molecular characteristics...

OBJECTIVE: To describe the demographic, clinical, laboratory and bacteriological profile of children with diagnosis of typhoid fever over a six-year period. METHODS: Case record analysis of hospitalized children (≤5 y) with culture positive typhoid fever. RESULTS: Blood culture was positive in 100 (61%) of 166 suspected cases, with 78 isolates of Salmonella Typhi and 22 Salmonella Paratyphi A. Only 12 children were aged below two years. Hepatomegaly (32), splenomegaly (44), eosinopenia (42), positive widal (15, 21...

Pickled ready-to-eat meat (PRTEM) is a meat product that is treated with various seasonings and then cooked. PRTEM is a popular food consumed mostly in China and some Asian countries. Since this food is considered 'ready to eat', once it is contaminated by foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella , the prospect for significant morbidity, mortality, and immeasurable economic losses can occur. Here we investigated the prevalence and concentration of Salmonella in 107 PRTEM samples collected from Shaanxi, China during 2015-2016...

BACKGROUND: Salmonella infection poses significant public health threat globally, especially in resource-limited countries. Emergence and spread of antibiotic resistant strains to fluoroquinolones have led to treatment failures and increased mortality in Salmonella infection. However, there is dearth of information regarding mechanisms of resistance to fluoroquinolones in Ghana. This study therefore sought to identify chromosomal mutations and plasmid-mediated resistance as possible mechanisms of fluoroquinolone resistance from clinical isolates in Ghana...

BACKGROUND: Typhoid fever is endemic in Fiji. We sought to describe the epidemiology, clinical features and case fatality risk of blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever from January 2014 through December 2015. METHODS: Blood culture-positive patients were identified from a typhoid surveillance line list. A standardised case investigation form was used to record data from patients' medical records. RESULTS: Of 542 patients, 518 (95.6%) were indigenous Fijians (iTaukei) and 285 (52...

Purpose: This study was aimed to investigate the dynamics of antimicrobial resistance expansion among different lineages and isolates of S . Typhi. Materials and methods: The S . Typhi isolates were collected from the patients clinically suspected of typhoid fever in Eastern China during 2005-2017. All isolates were tested retrospectively for susceptibility to eight antimicrobials and the genes related to quinolone and ampicillin resistance, including gyrA, ParC, qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, aac(6´)-Ib-cr, qepA and bla TEM ...

Background: Enteric fever is endemic in India. Trends in antibiotic resistance in Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A isolates over the past 12 years were studied. Methods: A retrospective analysis of consecutive blood culture isolates of Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A was performed from 2002 to 2013. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out for ampicillin, chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole, nalidixic acid (NA), ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone by disc diffusion...

Objectives: The objective of the present work was to examine the bacterial flora associated with the oral cavity of Indian cobra and to study their antibiogram. Methods: Oral swabs, collected from six healthy (4 males and 2 females) adult cobra, were subjected to microbiological examination through differential media. A total of 74 isolates which demonstrated noticeable colony characters were studied with different biochemical tests. The strains that showed distinctive colonies, morphology and biochemical parameters were additionally subjected to phylogenetic characterization using 16S rRNA gene sequences...

INTRODUCTION: Typhoid fever (TF) continues to cause considerable morbidity and mortality in Nepal, but only limited epidemiologic data is available about TF outside Kathmandu. METHODS: As part of an interventional trial, we performed a prospective cohort study of bacteremic TF patients in Dhulikhel Hospital between October 2012 and October 2014. Demographic, epidemiological, clinical, and microbiologic data were recorded. RESULTS: 116 bacteremic typhoid patients were included in the study...