Fluid retention

Trace organic compounds are important in environmental analysis, because they impact water quality and introduce potential (eco)toxicological effects. Current analytical methods mostly rely on gas chromatography (GC) or reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) coupled with (tandem) mass spectrometry. However, neither method can easily separate very polar molecules. This study presents, two chromatographic separation strategies, a serial RPLC- hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (RPLC-HILIC) coupling and an analytical scale supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) system, and validates their separation effectiveness as polarity-extended chromatographic methods for 274 environmentally relevant compounds...

BACKGROUND: Postoperative fluid management is important after open heart surgery, because cardiopulmonary bypass evokes an abnormal inflammatory response and increases vascular permeability, especially in pediatric patients. We assessed the safety and effectiveness of tolvaptan for management of postoperative fluid retention after congenital heart surgery. METHODS AND RESULTS: This retrospective study analyzed data from 43 children with uncomplicated congenital heart disease who underwent open heart surgery between September 2013 and August 2016...

Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) is the most common cause of persistent hypoglycemia in infancy. The mainstay of medical management for CHI is diazoxide. Diazoxide inhibits insulin release from the pancreas, but also causes smooth muscle relaxation and fluid retention so it is typically given with chlorothiazide. In July 2015, the FDA issued a drug safety communication warning that pulmonary hypertension (PH) had been reported in 11 infants being treated with diazoxide and that the PH resolved with withdrawal of diazoxide...

BACKGROUND: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily that functions as a ligand-inducible transcription factor. It regulates glucose and lipid metabolism, immunity, and cellular growth and differentiation. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are potent insulin sensitizers that function by activating PPARs, with a high specificity for PPARγ. Due to their ability to preserve pancreatic beta cell function and reduce insulin resistance, TZDs have become one of the most prescribed classes of medications for type 2 diabetes (T2D) since their approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and initial use in 1997...

Introduction There is an urgent as yet unmet need to develop highly effective and safe therapeutics for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The remarkable progress in understanding NAFLD pathogenesis allowed the identification of injury pathways which may be recruited as therapy targets. Areas covered This article reviews the safety and tolerability data of the NAFLD therapies and explains the mechanistic basis for each of the established and investigational drugs. Treatment targets include: weight loss, anti-metabolic agents such as lipid lowering and anti-diabetic drugs, inflammation, fibrosis and others such as targeting gut microbiota, immune modulation and apoptosis...

PURPOSE: We propose a quantitative technique to assess solute uptake into the brain parenchyma based on dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI). With this approach, a small molecular weight paramagnetic contrast agent (Gd-DOTA) is infused in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and whole brain gadolinium concentration maps are derived. METHODS: We implemented a 3D variable flip angle spoiled gradient echo (VFA-SPGR) longitudinal relaxation time (T1) technique, the accuracy of which was cross-validated by way of inversion recovery rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement (IR-RARE) using phantoms...

INTRODUCTION: Acetogenins are plant polyketides known to be cytotoxic and proposed as antitumor candidates. They are also suspected to be alimentary neurotoxins. Their occurrence as complex mixtures renders their dereplication and structural identification difficult using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry and efforts are required to improve the methodology. OBJECTIVE: To develop a supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry method, involving lithium post-column cationisation, for the structural characterisation of Annonaceous acetogenins in crude extracts...

Tolvaptan (TLV) is an oral selective vasopressin type 2 receptor antagonist. Long-term use of TLV is not recommended in patients with heart failure (HF) if fluid retention disappears and/or body weight is within the target range. However, some patients require long-term use of TLV. The current study investigated the efficacy and safety of long-term use of TLV. Subjects were 258 consecutive patients with HF who received TLV during hospitalization from January 2011 to March 2015. The rate of continuing administration of TLV was evaluated...

Apelin, a (neuro)vasoactive peptide, plays a prominent role in controlling body fluid homeostasis and cardiovascular functions. In animal models, experimental data demonstrate that intracerebroventricular injection of apelin into lactating rats inhibits the phasic electrical activity of arginine vasopressin (AVP) neurons, reduces plasma AVP levels, and increases aqueous diuresis. In the kidney, apelin increases diuresis by increasing the renal microcirculation and by counteracting the antidiuretic effect of AVP at the tubular level...

Docetaxel has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of many cancer types, including breast cancer, head and neck cancer, lung cancer, and prostate cancer. Many severe to life-threatening side effects (Grades 3-5) of docetaxel have been reported in clinical trials, case reports, and Food and Drug Administration Adverse Events Reporting System. These include anaphylactic reactions, febrile neutropenia, fluid retention, acute respiratory distress, pleural effusion, pneumonia, and peripheral neuropathy...

A series of benzothiazol-2-one containing α-ethoxyphenylpropionic acid derivatives incorporating resveratrol or butein scaffolds were designed as fused full PPARγ agonist ligands and SIRT1-activating compounds for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its complications. Compound 14d displayed the best in vitro pharmacological profile with full PPARγ agonist activity (Emax = 98%, EC50 = 200 nM), SIRT1 enzymatic activation (+128%) and SGK1 expression inhibition (- 57%) which is known to limit side effects as fluid retention and body-weight gain...

Nitrate is the stable product of nitric oxide, which is physiologically active radical, an immunomodulator and a neuromodulator; its quantification in biological fluids is important to study the physiological and biochemical nature. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to quantify nitrate in different biological fluids like serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and ascetic fluid (ASF) using HPLC technique. A new HPLC method for the estimation of nitrate in serum, CSF and ASF was developed using the mobile phase of 1...

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of dexamethasone pretreatment regimen with different doses in the prevention of docetaxel-induced hypersensitivity reaction (HSR). One hundred and sixty-two patients who had malignant tumors as determined by histology and/or cytology and received docetaxel treatments at least 2 cycles, were randomized into two groups. There were 90 patients in the study group and 72 patients in the control group. In the study group, patients received 4.5mg of oral dexamethasone once a day...

Despite its considerable practical importance, the deposition of real Brownian particles transported in a channel by a liquid, at small Reynolds numbers, has never been described at a comprehensive level. Here, by coupling microfluidic experiments, theory, and numerics, we succeed in unravelling the problem for the case of straight channels at high salinity. We discover a broad regime of deposition (the van der Waals regime) in which particle-wall van der Waals interactions govern the deposition mechanism. We determine the range of existence of the regime, for which we calculate the concentration profiles, retention profiles, and deposition kinetics analytically...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Emerging evidence suggests that multiple mechanisms may be responsible for the development of treatment-resistant hypertension (TRH). This review aims to summarize recent data on potential mechanisms of resistance and discuss current pharmacotherapeutic options available in the management of TRH. RECENT FINDINGS: Excess sodium and fluid retention, increased activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and heightened activity of the sympathetic nervous system appear to play an important role in development of TRH...

Offshore oil-producing platforms are designed for efficient and cost-effective separation of oil from water. However, design features and operating practices may create conditions that promote the proliferation and spread of biocorrosive microorganisms. The microbial communities and their potential for metal corrosion were characterized for three oil production platforms that varied in their oil-water separation processes, fluid recycling practices, and history of microbially influenced corrosion (MIC). Microbial diversity was evaluated by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and numbers of total bacteria, archaea, and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) were estimated by qPCR...

Inhalation of indium-containing dusts is associated with the development of indium lung disease. Workers may be exposed to several different chemical forms of indium; however, their lung dosimetry is not fully understood. We characterized the physicochemical properties and measured the lung dissolution kinetics of eight indium-containing dusts. Indium dissolution rates in artificial lung fluids spanned two orders of magnitude. We used the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) human respiratory model (HRTM) to estimate pulmonary indium deposition, retention and biokinetic clearance to blood...

BACKGROUND: The Primary screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), is a serious pest feeding on living flesh of any warm-blooded animal, including humans. It was eradicated from the United States in the early 1980s using the sterile male technique. However, it was recently detected in populations of wild deer and pets in the Florida Keys of the US. For monitoring purposes, screwworm flies are normally trapped using attractant bait with liver. However, there has been little effort to develop an efficient monitoring system for detection of screwworm flies using a specific synthetic attractant blend...

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) involves some serious transplant-associated complications (TACs) or vascular disorders, such as veno-occlusive disease (VOD), thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA), and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). VOD is related to a clinical syndrome characterized by tender hepatomegaly, jaundice, fluid retention, and unexplained weight gain. When TMA is described in patients who have undergone HSCT, it is often implied that the clinical diagnosis of TMA is similar to that of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura...

This work discusses the preparation and characterizations of glass hollow fiber membranes prepared using zeolite-5A as a starting material. Zeolite was formed into a hollow fiber configuration using the phase inversion technique. It was later sintered at high temperatures to burn off organic materials and change the zeolite into glass membrane. A preliminary study, that used thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), confirmed that zeolite used in this study changed to glass at temperatures above 1000 °C...