baysian

Microbial colony counts of food samples in microbiological examinations are one of the most important items. The probability distributions for the colony counts per agar plate at the dilution of counting had not been intensively studied so far. Recently we analyzed the colony counts of food samples with several probability distributions using the Pearson's chi-square value by the "traditional" statistics as the index of fit [Fujikawa and Tsubaki, Food Hyg.Saf.Sc., 60, 88-95 (2019)]. As a result, the selected probability distributions depended on the samples...

BACKGROUND: It is not yet known whether the years after peak height velocity (PHV) are associated with the physiological mechanisms of muscle strength and power in Juniors rowers. OBJECTIVE: To identify the association between years post PHV (YPPHV) with muscle power and strength in Juniors rowers. METHODS: We tested 235 Brazilian rowing athletes (male: 171, female: 64, Juniors category). We measured: power (indoor rowing over 100-m, 500-m, 2,000-m and 6,000-m) and muscle strength (one repetition maximum (1RM) test in squat, deadlift, bench press and bent row on the bench)...

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Changes in albuminuria and GFR slope are individually used as surrogate end points in clinical trials of CKD progression, and studies have demonstrated that each is associated with treatment effects on clinical end points. In this study, the authors sought to develop a conceptual framework that combines both surrogate end points to better predict treatment effects on clinical end points in Phase 2 trials. The results demonstrate that information from the combined treatment effects on albuminuria and GFR slope improves the prediction of treatment effects on the clinical end point for Phase 2 trials with sample sizes between 100 and 200 patients and duration of follow-up ranging from 1 to 2 years...

Time-dependent traits are often subject to censorship, where instead of precise phenotypes, only a lower and/or upper bound can be established for some of the individuals. Censorship reduces the precision of phenotypes but can represent compromise between measurement cost and animal ethics considerations. This compromise is particularly relevant for genetic evaluation because phenotyping initiatives often involve thousands of individuals. This research aimed to: 1) demonstrate a data augmentation approach for analysing censored phenotypes, and 2) quantify the implications of phenotype censorship on estimation of heritabilities and predictions of breeding values...

Higher-level relationships of the Hydrozoan subclass Hydroidolina, which encompasses the vast majority of medusozoan cnidarian species diversity, have been elusive to confidently infer. The most widely adopted phylogenetic framework for Hydroidolina based on ribosomal RNA data received low support for several higher level relationships. To address this issue, we developed a set of RNA baits to target more than a hundred loci from the genomes of a broad taxonomic sample of Hydroidolina for high-throughput sequencing...

PURPOSE: Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) from the adrenal cortex substantially decreases with age, which may accelerate osteoporosis. However, the association of DHEAS with bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture is inconclusive. We conducted a Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to investigate the role of DHEAS in age-related changes in BMD and fracture risk. METHODS: Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with serum DHEAS concentrations were used as instrumental variables (4 SNPs for main analysis; 4 SNPs for men and 5 SNPs for women in sex-related analysis)...

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to validate the Arabic version of the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (BPNSFS), and to investigate the extent of its invariance across five Arab countries and gender. METHODS: A back-translated version of the BPNSFS, the second version of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), and the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS) were administered to a sample consisting of 1082 undergraduate students affiliated with universities in five Arab countries (487 males and 595 females: Mage  = 20...

In this work a methodology to perform Bayesian model-comparison is developed and exemplified in the analysis of nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion (NMRD) experiments of water in a ganglioside micelle system. NMRD is a powerful tool to probe slow dynamics in complex liquids. There are many interesting systems that can be studied with NMRD, such as ionic and lyotropic liquids or electrolytes. However, to progress in the understanding of the studied systems, relatively detailed theoretical NMRD-models are required...

BACKGROUND: Delayed multiple sclerosis (MS) diagnoses are not uncommon, an early diagnostic tool is urgently warranted. We aimed to develop an effective tool through electronic health records and machine learning techniques to early recognize MS patients from hospital visitors in China. METHODS: Two case sets were collected from January 2016 to December 2018. The training set had 239 MS and 1142 controls, and the test set had 23 MS and 92 controls. The utility of Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Random Forest (RF), Naive Bayes, K-nearest-neighbor (KNN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) in early diagnosis of MS was evaluated by the area under curve of receiver operating characteristic, precision, recall, specificity, accuracy and F1 score...

The extraction of oil is accompanied by water and sediments that, mixed with the oil, cause the formation of scale depositions in the pipelines walls promoting the reduction of the inner diameter of the pipes, making it difficult for the fluids to pass through interest. In this sense, there is a need to control the formation of these depositions to evaluate preventive and corrective measures regarding the waste management of these materials, as well as the optimization of oil extraction and transport processes...

Understanding the role of neuronal activity in cognition and behavior is a key question in neuroscience. Previously, in vivo studies have typically inferred behavior from electrophysiological data using probabilistic approaches including Bayesian decoding. While providing useful information on the role of neuronal subcircuits, electrophysiological approaches are often limited in the maximum number of recorded neurons as well as their ability to reliably identify neurons over time. This can be particularly problematic when trying to decode behaviors that rely on large neuronal assemblies or rely on temporal mechanisms, such as a learning task over the course of several days...

CONTEXT: Armadillo repeat containing 5 (ARMC5) on chromosome 16 is an adrenal gland tumor suppressor gene associated with primary aldosteronism, especially among African Americans (AAs). We examined the association of ARMC5 variants with aldosterone, plasma renin activity (PRA), blood pressure, glucose, and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in community-dwelling AAs. METHODS: The Jackson Heart Study is a prospective cardiovascular cohort study in AAs with baseline data collection from 2000 to 2004...

Analytical electron microscopy plays a key role in the development of novel nanomaterials. Electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) datasets are typically processed to isolate the background-subtracted elemental signal. Multivariate tools have emerged as powerful methods to blindly map the components, which addresses some of the shortcomings of the traditional methods. Here, we demonstrate the superior performance of a new multivariate optimization method using a challenging EELS and EDX dataset...

Background: The objectives of this systematic review and meta-analysis were to compare the survival, toxicity, and quality of life of patients treated with necitumumab in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin. These agents were investigated in published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of patients with squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in the first-line setting. Methods: The systematic review was executed on January 27, 2015, and updated on August 21, 2016, using a pre-specified search strategy...

BACKGROUND: In utero exposure to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5 ) has been linked to child lung function. Overlapping evidence suggests that child sex and exposure timing may modify effects and associations may be mediated through glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) methylation. METHODS: We prospectively examined associations among prenatal PM2.5 exposure and child lung function and GSTP1 methylation in an urban pregnancy cohort study...

Visual prostheses are now an available mobility aid for patients blinded by degenerative retinal diseases. However, the spatial resolution of existing devices is still insufficient to deliver normal levels of mobility vision without stimulation strategies, which enable existing devices to deliver several different percepts per stimulation site. A stimulation strategy, in which field shaping is achieved by incorporating multipolar (bipolar and tripolar) stimulation could convey additional information to a user of a visual prosthesis, as compared with monopolar stimulation, is investigated...

BACKGROUND: Exposure to multiple types of air pollution may contribute to and exacerbate allergic diseases including asthma and wheezing. However, few studies have examined chronic air pollution exposure and allergic disease outcomes among an adult population. Associations between potential estimates of annual average fine particulate matter (PM2.5 ), traffic related air pollution, and industrial source air emissions and three allergic disease outcomes (asthma, allergies and wheezing) were examined in a state-wide general population of adults...

The Baysian Iterated Learning approach to language is consistent with generative grammar, but needs to be supplemented with specific cognitive constraints for empirical adequacy.

BACKGROUND: Association studies are an essential part of modern plant breeding, but are limited for polyploid crops. The increased number of possible genotype classes complicates the differentiation between them. Available methods are limited with respect to the ploidy level or data producing technologies. While genotype classification is an established noise reduction step in diploids, it gains complexity with increasing ploidy levels. Eventually, the errors produced by misclassifications exceed the benefits of genotype classes...

Two species of digeneans belonging in Homalometron are described from Nearctic freshwater fundulid fishes: Homalometron robisoni n. sp. is described from the Blackstripe Topminnow, Fundulus notatus, from Oklahoma and Homalometron frocioneae n. sp. is described from the Banded Killifish, Fundulus diaphanus, from New York. Homalometron robisoni n. sp. differs from all congeners by having vitelline follicles that extend into the forebody, a feature that necessitates altering the generic diagnosis for the genus...