Subthreshold

Recent experimental observations have supported the hypothesis that the cerebral cortex operates in a dynamical regime near criticality, where the neuronal network exhibits a mixture of ordered and disordered patterns. However, A comprehensive study of how criticality emerges and how to reproduce it is still lacking. In this study, we investigate coupled networks with conductance-based neurons and illustrate the co-existence of different spiking patterns, including asynchronous irregular (AI) firing and synchronous regular (SR) state, along with a scale-invariant neuronal avalanche phenomenon (criticality)...

In this paper, high-performance indium gallium oxide (IGO) thin-film transistor (TFT) with a double-gate (DG) structure was developed using an atomic layer deposition route. The device consisting of 10-nm-thick IGO channel and 2/48-nm-thick SiO2 /HfO2 dielectric was designed to be suitable for a display backplane in augmented and virtual reality applications. The fabricated DG TFTs exhibit outstanding device performances with field-effect mobility (μFE ) of 65.1 ± 2.3 cm2 V-1  s-1 , subthreshold swing of 65 ± 1 mVdec-1 , and threshold voltage (VTH ) of 0...

BACKGROUND: Although several types of psychotherapy effectively reduce psychological distress associated with personality disorders, randomised controlled trials (RCT) have systematically excluded older patients. We aimed to examine the effectiveness of group schema therapy combined with psychomotor therapy (GST + PMT) in later life compared with treatment as usual (TAU). METHODS: We did an open-label, multicentre, RCT in eight outpatient clinics for geriatric psychiatry in the Netherlands...

Altered stimulus generalization has been well-documented in anxiety disorders; however, there is a paucity of research investigating this phenomenon in the context of depression. Depression is characterized by impaired reward processing and heightened attention to negative stimuli. It is hypothesized that individuals with depression exhibit reduced generalization of reward stimuli and enhanced generalization of loss stimuli. Nevertheless, no study has examined this process and its underlying neural mechanisms...

PURPOSE: A systematic review investigated the effectiveness of physical activity in alleviating lower limb lymphedema among patients with gynecological cancer after surgery. METHODS: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental designs was conducted. Six databases, Cinahl, Cochrane, Embase, Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science, were searched for relevant publications from inception to October 2022 and updated in January 2024. RevMan software was used to perform meta-analysis using a random-effects model...

Nanosheet field-effect transistors (NSFETs) have attracted considerable attention for their potential to achieve improved performance and energy efficiency compared to traditional FinFETs. Here, we present a comprehensive investigation of core-insulator-embedded nanosheet field-effect transistors (C-NSFETs), focusing on their improved performance and device-to-device (D2D) variability compared to conventional NSFETs through three-dimensional device simulations. The C-NSFETs exhibit enhanced direct-current (DC) performance, characterized by a steeper subthreshold slope and reduced off-current, indicating better gate electrostatic controllability...

Background . Bone Health and Osteoporosis Foundation (BHOF) reports that as of 2023, approximately 10 million of older Americans have osteoporosis and another 44 million have low bone density. Osteoporosis is a serious handicap for the elderly and, in particular, for estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women, as it increases the risk of debilitating bone weakness and fractures. The BHOF recommendations for prevention of osteopenia, osteoporosis and bone fractures are to perform weight-bearing and muscle-strengthening exercises and to take recommended amounts of daily calcium and vitamin D...

UNLABELLED: 1. BACKGROUND: Autism spectrum disorder and psychotic risk show several overlapping symptoms, so differential diagnosis is often difficult. In addition, there is a high rate of comorbidity between the two conditions, which further complicates the work of clinicians. We evaluated the presence of subthreshold psychotic symptoms and/or defined psychotic risk syndromes in autistic children and adolescents; we compared the prevalence, type, and severity of psychotic risk symptoms with those of a group of non-autistic patients at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR-P)...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Food allergy is a growing health problem that affects both patients and society in multiple ways. Despite the emergence of novel diagnostic tools, such as component-resolved diagnostics (CRD) and basophil activation tests (BAT), oral food challenge (OFC) still plays an indispensable role in the management of food allergies. This review aimed to highlight the indications and safety concerns of conducting an OFC and to provide insights into post-OFC management based on recent findings...

In this study, we examine the electrical characteristics of triple-gate feedback field-effect transistors (TG FBFETs) over a temperature range of -200 °C to 280 °C. With increasing temperature from 25 °C to 280 °C, the thermally generated charge carriers increase in the channel regions such that a positive feedback loop forms rapidly. Thus, the latch-up voltage shifts from -1.01 V (1.34 V) to -11.01 V (10.45 V) in the n -channel ( p -channel) mode. In contrast, with decreasing temperature from 25 °C to -200 °C, the thermally generated charge carriers decrease, causing a shift in the latch-up voltage in the opposite direction to that of the increasing temperature case...

The sensing responses of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein using top-down-fabricated Si-based electrolyte-gated transistors (EGTs) have been investigated. An aptamer was employed as a receptor for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The EGT demonstrated excellent intrinsic characteristics and higher sensitivity in the subthreshold regime compared to the linear regime. The limit of detection (LOD) was achieved as low as 0.94 pg/mL and 20 pg/mL for the current and voltage sensitivity, respectively. To analyze the sensing responses of EGT in detecting the aptamer-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein conjugate, a lumped-capacitive model with the presence of an effective dipole potential and an effective capacitance of the functionalized layer component was employed...

OBJECTIVE: Subthreshold depression (StD)/subsyndromal depression refers to a threatening precursor to depression. Aerobic exercise is a promising self-supportive adjunctive intervention and an effective measure for StD. Our study utilizes regional homogeneity (ReHo) to investigate the impact of aerobic exercise on resting-state brain function. METHODS: A total of 78 subjects, aged between 18 and 48 years, (StD group, n = 44; healthy control (HC) group, n = 34) engaged in moderate-intensity aerobic exercise 3-4 times per week for 8 weeks...

Herein, we report a high-quality gate stack (native HfO2 formed on 2D HfSe2 ) fabricated via plasma oxidation, realizing an atomically sharp interface with a suppressed interface trap density (Dit ∼ 5×1010 cm-2 eV-1 ). The chemically converted HfO2 exhibits dielectric constant, κ ∼ 23, resulting in low gate leakage current (∼10-3 A/cm2 ) at EOT ∼0.5 nm. Density functional calculations indicated that the atomistic mechanism for achieving a high-quality interface is the possibility of O atoms replacing the Se atoms of the interfacial HfSe2 layer without a substitution energy barrier, allowing layer-by-layer oxidation to proceed...

Quantum effects in nanoscale electronic devices promise to lead to new types of functionality not achievable using classical electronic components. However, quantum behaviour also presents an unresolved challenge facing electronics at the few-nanometre scale: resistive channels start leaking owing to quantum tunnelling. This affects the performance of nanoscale transistors, with direct source-drain tunnelling degrading switching ratios and subthreshold swings, and ultimately limiting operating frequency due to increased static power dissipation...

Integrating high-κ dielectrics with a small equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) with two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors for low-power consumption van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure electronics remains challenging in meeting both interface quality and dielectric property requirements. Here, we demonstrate the integration of ultrathin amorphous HfO x sandwiched within vdW heterostructures by the selective thermal oxidation of HfSe2 precursors. The self-cleaning process ensures a high-quality interface with a low interface state density of 1011 -1012 cm-2 eV-1 ...

Brain organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells are a promising tool for studying human neurodevelopment and related disorders. Here, we generated long-term cultures of cortical brain organoid slices (cBOS) grown at the air-liquid interphase from regionalized cortical organoids. We show that cBOS host mature neurons and astrocytes organized in complex architecture. Whole-cell patch-clamp demonstrated subthreshold synaptic inputs and action potential firing of neurons. Spontaneous intracellular calcium signals turned into synchronous large-scale oscillations upon combined disinhibition of NMDA receptors and blocking of GABAA receptors...

BACKGROUND: Hierarchy is the organizing principle of human brain network. How network hierarchy changes in subthreshold depression (StD) is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the altered brain network hierarchy and its clinical significance in patients with StD. METHODS: A total of 43 patients with StD and 43 healthy controls matched for age, gender and years of education participated in this study. Alterations in the hierarchy of StD brain networks were depicted by connectome gradient analysis...

Cyclic AMP controls neuronal ion channel activity. For example hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) and M-type K+ channels are activated by cAMP. These effects have been suggested to be involved in astrocyte control of neuronal activity, for example, by controlling the action potential firing frequency. In cortical neurons, cAMP can induce mixed-mode oscillations (MMOs) consisting of small-amplitude, subthreshold oscillations separating complete action potentials, which lowers the firing frequency greatly...

Introduction The experience of pain is a complex phenomenon. A patient in the acute postsurgical pain setting may feel a constant bombardment of nociceptive input from the surgical site; this in turn influences psychological factors that determine the overall emotional experience of pain, which is significant. The aim of our study was to investigate the severity of pain in postsurgical patients three days after surgery using the 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS). Methods This was a cross-sectional assessment of postoperative pain...

INTRODUCTION: Low frequency (1 Hz) repetitive transcranial stimulation (rTMS) applied over right posterior parietal cortex (rPPC) has been shown to reduce cortical excitability both of the stimulated area and of the interconnected contralateral homologous areas. In the present study, we investigated the whole pattern of intra- and inter-hemispheric cortico-cortical connectivity changes induced by rTMS over rPPC. METHODS: To do so, 14 healthy participants underwent resting state EEG recording before and after 30 min of rTMS at 1 Hz or sham stimulation over the rPPC (electrode position P6)...