Nanovesicles

Given the poor bioavailability of curcumin, its antinociceptive effects are produced after chronic intravenous administration of high doses, while poly (d,l-lactide-co-glycolide)-loaded vesicles (PLGA) can improve drug delivery. This paper investigates the antinociceptive effects of curcumin-loaded PLGA nanovesicles (PLGA-CUR) administered via intravenous (i.v.) or intrathecal (i.t.) routes at low and high doses. The following models of pain were used: formalin test, zymosan-induced hyperalgesia and sciatic nerve ligation inducing neuropathic allodynia and hyperalgesia...

Over the past few decades, (poly)peptide block copolymers have been widely employed in generating well-defined nanostructures as vehicles for targeted drug delivery applications. We previously reported the assembly of thermoresponsive nanovesicles from an elastin-b-collagen like peptide (ELP-CLP). The nanoparticles were observed to dissociate at elevated temperatures, despite the LCST-like behavior of the tethered ELP domain, which is suggested to be triggered by the unfolding of the CLP domain. Here, the potential of using the nanoparticles as drug delivery vehicles for targeting collagen-containing matrices is evaluated...

Photodynamic molecules represent an alternative approach for cancer therapy for their property (i) to be photo-reactive; (ii) to be not-toxic for target cells in absence of light; (iii) to accumulate specifically into tumour tissues; (iv) to be activable by a light beam only at the tumour site and (v) to exert cytotoxic activity against tumour cells. However, to date their clinical use is limited by the side effects elicited by systemic administration. Extracellular vesicles are endogenous nanosized-carriers that have been recently introduced as a natural delivery system for therapeutic molecules...

Curcumin is an effective wound healing agent in burn therapy, but due to its low bioavailability, it is required to be formulated for topical therapy. Liposomal nanocarriers are developed as stable and efficient dermal delivery systems. In this study, we prepared curcumin-propylene glycol liposomes (Cur-PgL) to treat animals subjected to second degree burns. The characterization tests confirmed the production of monodisperse nanoliposomes of average size of about 145 nm with high entrapment efficiency percentage and a sustained release behavior...

We report a versatile synthesis for polyphenolic polymersomes of controlled submicron (< 500 nm) size for intracellular delivery of high and low molecular weight compounds. The nanoparticles are synthesized by stabilizing the vesicular morphology of thermally responsive poly(N-vinylcaprolactam)n-poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)m (PVCLn-PVPONm) diblock copolymers with tannic acid (TA), a hydrolyzable polyphenol, via hydrogen bonding at the temperature above the copolymer's LCST. The PVCL179-PVPONm diblock copolymers are produced by controlled RAFT polymerization of PVPON using PVCL as a macro-chain transfer agent...

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) test is the most common, clinically validated test for the diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa). While neoplastic lesions of the prostate may cause aberrant levels of PSA in the blood, the quantitation of free or complexed PSA poorly discriminates cancer patients from those developing benign lesions, often leading to invasive and unnecessary surgical procedures. Microenvironmental acidity increases exosome release by cancer cells. In this study we evaluated whether acidity, a critical phenotype of malignancy, could influence exosome release and increase the PSA expression in nanovesicles released by PCa cells...

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membrane vesicles virtually secreted by all cells, including brain cells. EVs are a major term that includes apoptotic bodies, microvesicles and exosomes. The release of EVs has been recognized as an important modulator in cross-talking between neurons, astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes, not only in central nervous system (CNS) physiology but also in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disease states as well as in brain tumors, such as glioma. EVs are able to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB), spread to body fluids and reach distant tissues...

Exosomes are membranous extracellular nanovesicles of endocytic origin. Exosomes are known to carry host and pathogen-derived genomic, proteomic, lipidomic cargos and other extraneous molecules. Exosomes are secreted by diverse cell types into the extracellular milieu and are subsequently internalized by recipient neighboring or distal cells. Upon internalization, exosomes condition recipient cells by donating their cargos and/or activating various signal transduction pathways, consequently regulating physiological and pathophysiological processes...

Heterotypic interactions between cells are crucial in various biological phenomena. Particularly, stimuli that regulate embryonic stem cell (ESC) fate are often provided from neighboring cells. However, except for feeder cultures, no practical methods are identified that can provide ESCs with contact-dependent cell stimuli. To induce contact-dependent cell stimuli in the absence of living cells, a novel method that utilizes cell-engineered nanovesicles (CNVs) that are made by extruding living cells through microporous membranes is described...

PURPOSE: Herein, we detail a promising strategy of nanovesicle preparation based on control of phospholipid self-assembly: the Double Solvent Displacement. A systematic study was conducted and diclofenac as drug model encapsulated. In vitro skin studies were carried out to identify better formulation for dermal/transdermal delivery. METHODS: This method consists in two solvent displacements. The first one, made in a free water environment, has allowed triggering a phospholipid pre-organization...

Adipose stem cells (ASC) represent a promising therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative diseases. Most biological effects of ASC are probably mediated by extracellular vesicles, such as exosomes, which influence the surrounding cells. Current development of exosome therapies requires efficient and noninvasive methods to localize, monitor, and track the exosomes. Among imaging methods used for this purpose, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has advantages: high spatial resolution, rapid in vivo acquisition, and radiation-free operation...

The early macrophage response to biomaterials has been shown to be a critical and predictive determinant of downstream outcomes. When properly prepared, bioscaffolds composed of mammalian extracellular matrix (ECM) have been shown to promote a transition in macrophage behavior from a proinflammatory to a regulatory/anti-inflammatory phenotype, which in turn has been associated with constructive and functional tissue repair. The mechanism by which ECM bioscaffolds promote this phenotypic transition, however, is poorly understood...

In order to obtain nanocarriers suitable for the delivery of drugs in the treatment of cancer, pH-responsive nanovesicles capable of facilitating fusion (fusogenic nanovesicles) were synthesized and then their physicochemical characteristics were modified. These nanovesicles were made by combining polysorbates having different physicochemical features with the aim of realizing multiple-targeting nanoformulations suitable for in vitro treatment of cancer cells. Tween21 and Tween80 were self-assembled at different molar concentrations resulting in pH-responsive fusogenic nanovesicles with an average size of less than 150nm, and a narrow size distribution (polydispersity index) value of less than 0...

In this study, ultrasound was employed to enhance the diffusion of microencapsulated fatty acids into pork meat. Nanovesicles of fish oil composed of 42% EPA (eicosapentanoic acid) and 16% DHA (docosahexanoic acid) were prepared using two different commercial Pronanosome preparations (Lipo-N and Lipo-CAT; which yield cationic and non-cationic nanovesicles, respectively). The thin film hydration (TFH) methodology was employed for encapsulation. Pork meat (Musculus semitendinosus) was submerged in the nanovesicles suspension and subjected to ultrasound (US) treatment at 25kHz for either 30 or 60min...

In this study, an antioxidant peptide fraction with a molecular mass<30kDa (PF30) isolated from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) skin gelatin hydrolysates was encapsulated in chitosan-coated nanoliposomes. The mean particle size of liposomal nanovesicles containing PF30 was found to be in the range 163.4-234nm with a low polydispersity index (PDI<0.5); furthermore, the ζ-potential changed from +3.9mV in uncoated liposomes to +45.5mV in biopolymer-coated liposomes. FTIR spectra showed electrostatic interactions as well as hydrogen bonding between phospholipid head groups and amine groups of chitosan...

Exosomes are nanovesicles released into the extracellular medium by different cell types. These vesicles carry a variety of protein and RNA cargos, and have a central role in cellular signaling and regulation. A PubMed search using the term "exosomes" finds 67 articles published in 2006. Ten years later, the same search returns approximately 1200 results for 2016 alone. The growing interest in exosomes within the scientific community reflects the different roles exerted by extracellular vesicles in biological systems and diseases...

Curcumin derivatives have been well-documented due to their natural antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. Curcuminoids have also gained widespread recognition due to their wide range of other activities which include anti-infective, anti-mutagenic, anticancer, anti-coagulant, antiarthrititc, and wound healing potential. Despite of having a wide range of activities, the inherent physicochemical characteristics (poor water solubility, low bioavailability, chemical instability, photodegradation, rapid metabolism and short half-life) of curcumin derivatives limit their pharmaceutical significance...

The aim of this study was to develop different vesicular systems for sertaconazole nitrate and evaluate the ability of targeting deep skin layers to treat dermal fungal infection. Therefore, different phospholipid based nanovesicles, namely liposomes, glycerosomes, transferosmes and ethosomes were prepared and in-vitro evaluated for morphology, entrapment efficiency, vesicle size and zeta potential value, followed by ex-vivo evaluation through skin penetration and permeation. The selected vesicular formula was incorporated into gel base system and assessed by ex-vivo permeation visualization study using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM)...

AIM: The use of carbohydrate-binding proteins (lectins) to isolate urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) was investigated and the captured subpopulations were characterized. METHODS: Pooled uEVs from multiple healthy donors were exposed to lectin-conjugated or antibody-conjugated beads. Recovered uEVs were evaluated by protein estimation, transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis and lectin microarray profiling. RESULTS: uEVs isolated by lectin- and antibody-based affinity capture exhibited distinct variations in size and surface content...

The intracerebral level of the aggregation-prone peptide, amyloid-ß (Aß), is constantly maintained by multiple clearance mechanisms, including several degradation enzymes, and brain efflux. Disruption of the clearance machinery and the resultant Aß accumulation gives rise to neurotoxic assemblies, leading to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition to the classic mechanisms of Aß clearance, the protein may be processed by secreted vesicles, although this possibility has not been extensively investigated...