Lung surfactant

Surfactant protein A (SP-A) and Surfactant protein D (SP-D) glycoproteins play a crucial role in maintaining lung homeostasis and lung host defense. Interestingly, these proteins are also expressed in extra-pulmonary tissues, including the female genital tract. The ovarian tissue, where SP-A and SP-D expression increases with follicular development, may serve as the primary site of defense for this tissue. However, their functions in these tissues are not well understood and are currently an active area of research...

RATIONALE: Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis is a serious autoimmune event affecting up to 20% of patients with non-small cell lung cancer, yet the factors underpinning its development in some patients and not others are poorly understood. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the role of autoantibodies and autoreactive T cells against surfactant-related proteins in the development of pneumonitis. METHODS: The study cohort consisted of non-small cell lung cancer patients who gave blood samples before and during immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment...

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease characterized by vasculopathy, aberrant immune activation, and extensive tissue fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. Because of the complicated nature of its pathogenesis, the underlying mechanisms of SSc remain incompletely understood. Angiogenic factor with a G-patch domain and a Forkhead-associated domain 1 (AGGF1) is a critical factor in angiogenesis expressed on vascular endothelial cells, associated with inflammatory and fibrotic responses. To elucidate the possible implication of AGGF1 in SSc pathogenesis, we investigated the association between serum AGGF1 levels and clinical manifestations in SSc patients...

Pulmonary surfactants, a complex assembly of phospholipids and surfactant proteins such as SP-B and SP-C, are critical for maintaining respiratory system functionality by lowering surface tension (ST) and preventing alveolar collapse. Our study introduced five synthetic SP-B peptides and one SP-C peptide, leading to the synthesis of CHAsurf candidates (CHAsurf-1 to CHAsurf-5) for evaluation. We utilized a modified Wilhelmy balance test to assess the surface tension properties of the surfactants, measuring spreading rate, surface adsorption, and ST-area diagrams to comprehensively evaluate their performance...

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (nRDS) is a challenging condition to diagnose which can lead to delays in receiving appropriate treatment. Mid infrared (IR) spectroscopy is capable of measuring the concentrations of two diagnostic nRDS biomarkers, lecithin (L) and sphingomyelin (S) with the potential for point of care (POC) diagnosis and monitoring. The effects of varying other lipid species present in lung surfactant on the mid IR spectra used to train machine learning models are explored. This study presents a lung lipid model of five lipids present in lung surfactant and varies each in a systematic approach to evaluate the ability of machine learning models to predict the lipid concentrations, the L/S ratio and to quantify the uncertainty in the predictions using the jackknife + -after-bootstrap and variant bootstrap methods...

This study aimed to elucidate the similarities and differences between amyloid-forming corpora amylacea (CA) in the prostate and lung, examine the nature of CAs in cystic tumors of the atrioventricular node (CTAVN), and clarify the distinctions between amyloid-forming CA and spheroid-type amyloid deposition. We conducted proteomics analyses using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with laser microdissection and immunohistochemistry to validate the characteristics of CAs in the lung and prostate...

In this work, poly(lactide) nanoparticles were equipped with a bioinspired coating layer based on poly[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl phosphorylcholine] and then evaluated when administered to the lungs and after intravenous injection. Compared to the plain counterparts, the chosen zwitterionic polymer shell prevented the coated colloidal formulation from aggregation and conditioned it for lower cytotoxicity, protein adsorption, complement activation and phagocytic cell uptake. Consequently, no interference with the biophysical function of the lung surfactant system could be detected accompanied by negligible protein and cell influx into the bronchoalveolar space after intratracheal administration...

OBJECTIVE: Regarding the use of lung ultrasound (LU) in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) across Europe, to assess how widely it is used, for what indications and how its implementation might be improved. DESIGN AND INTERVENTION: International online survey. RESULTS: Replies were received from 560 NICUs in 24 countries between January and May 2023. LU uptake varied considerably (20%-98% of NICUs) between countries. In 428 units (76%), LU was used for clinical indications, while 34 units (6%) only used it for research purposes...

INTRODUCTION: SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infects human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2)-expressing lung epithelial cells through its spike (S) protein. The S protein is highly glycosylated and could be a target for lectins. Surfactant protein A (SP-A) is a collagen-containing C-type lectin, expressed by mucosal epithelial cells and mediates its antiviral activities by binding to viral glycoproteins. OBJECTIVE: This study examined the mechanistic role of human SP-A in SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and lung injury in vitro and in vivo ...

Pulmonary macrophage transplantation (PMT) is a gene and cell transplantation approach in development as therapy for hereditary pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (hPAP), a surfactant accumulation disorder caused by mutations in CSF2RA/B (and murine homologs). We conducted a toxicology study of PMT of Csf2ra gene-corrected macrophages (mGM-Rα+ Mϕs) or saline-control intervention in Csf2ra KO or wild-type (WT) mice including single ascending dose and repeat ascending dose studies evaluating safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics...

OBJECTIVE: To explore the potential effect of ultrasound-guided stellate ganglion block (SGB) on lung protection for patients undergoing one-lung ventilation (OLV). METHODS: A total of 123 patients undergoing elective one-lung ventilation surgery were selected as research subjects in this prospective study. These patients were randomly divided into the SGB group, control group and blank group on average. Stellate ganglion block was carried out in the SGB and control groups...

Protein cysteine thiols undergo reversible S -acylation via a thioester linkage in vivo. S -palmitoylation, modification by C16:0 fatty acid, is a common S -acylation that mediates protein-membrane and protein-protein interactions critical to an array of biological processes, from homeostatic lung surfactant function to cellular transformation. The most widely used S -acylation assays, including acyl-biotin exchange (ABE) and acyl resin-assisted capture (Acyl-RAC), utilize blocking of free Cys thiols, hydroxylamine-dependent cleavage of the thioester and subsequent labeling of nascent thiol...

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) constitute a specialized subset of T cells with dual immunoregulatory and modulatory functions. Recent studies have reported that Tregs mediate immune responses and regulate the development and repair processes in non-lymphoid tissues, including bone and cardiac muscle. Additionally, Tregs facilitate the repair and regeneration of damaged lung tissues. However, limited studies have examined the role of Tregs in pulmonary development. This study aimed to evaluate the role of Tregs in pulmonary development by investigating the dynamic alterations in Tregs and their hallmark cellular factor Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) at various stages of murine lung development and establishing a murine model of anti-CD25 antibody-induced Treg depletion...

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) are frequent causes of death and disability in neonates. This study included newborns between January 2021 and July 2022 at the University Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Skopje. Up to date criteria for HIE/RDS for term and for preterm infants as well for the severity of HIE/RDS were used in a comprehensive analysis of cranial ultrasonography, neurological status, neonatal infections, Apgar score, bradycardia and hypotension, X-ray of the lungs, FiO2, acid-base status, assisted ventilation and use of surfactant...

RATIONALE: Several rare surfactant-related genes variants associated with interstitial lung disease are suspected to be associated with lung cancer, but data are missing. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to study the epidemiology and phenotype of lung cancer in an international cohort of surfactant-related gene (SRG) variant carriers. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of all adults with SRG variants in the OrphaLung network and compared lung cancer risk with telomerase-related gene (TRG) variant carriers...

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) primarily targets the respiratory system. Physiologically relevant human lung models are indispensable to investigate virus-induced host response and disease pathogenesis. In this study, we generated human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived alveolar organoids (AOs) using an established protocol that recapitulates the sequential steps of in vivo lung development. AOs express alveolar epithelial type II cell protein markers including pro-surfactant protein C and ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 3...

Respiratory insufficiency is almost ubiquitous in infants born preterm, with its incidence increasing with lower gestational age. A wide range of respiratory support management strategies are available for these infants, separable into non-invasive and invasive forms of respiratory support. Here we review the history and evolution of respiratory care for the preterm infant and then examine evidence that has emerged to support a non-invasive approach to respiratory management where able. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the non-invasive respiratory support mode currently with the most evidence for benefit...

BACKGROUND: Novel therapies are needed for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) because no effective treatment exists. Mesenchymal stromal cell extracellular vesicles (MSC-sEVs) have therapeutic efficacy in a mouse pup neonatal hyperoxia BPD model. We tested the hypothesis that MSC-sEVs will improve lung functional and structural development in mechanically ventilated preterm lambs. METHODS: Preterm lambs (~129d; equivalent to human lung development at ~28w gestation) were exposed to antenatal steroids, surfactant, caffeine citrate, and supported by mechanical ventilation for 6-7d...

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to assess the diagnostic value of Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6), Surfactant protein-A (SP-A), SP-D and molecular matrixmetalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) in discriminating patients with interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) from disease control subjects. METHODS: Serum levels of KL-6, SP-A, SP-D and MMP-7 were measured in both the ILD and non-ILD (NILD) groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was conducted to evaluate the diagnostic potential of these markers and laboratory indices...

Polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) is a guanidine-based chemical that has long been used as an antimicrobial agent. However, recently raised concerns regarding the pulmonary toxicity of PHMG in humans and aquatic organisms have led to research in this area. Along with PHMG, there are concerns about the safety of non-guanidine 5-chloro-2-methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one/2-methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one (CMIT/MIT) in human lungs; however, the safety of such chemicals can be affected by many factors, and it is difficult to rationalize their toxicity...