Nervus vagus

A 37-year-old male, without stigmata of neurofibromatosis type 1, developed a firm mass below the right ear over several months without facial palsy. Clinical examination and ultra-sonography revealed a tumour in the parotid gland. Fine needle aspirationbiopsy was inconclusive. During complete resection, the tumour revealed an unusual anatomic location from the superficial lobe of the parotid to the deep and further into the parapharyngeal space. The pathological examination showed a solitary neurofibroma. In this case report, preoperative diagnosis, therapy and follow-up of this rare tumour in the parotid gland from n...

In the 17th century, the Bartholin family contributed greatly to the advancement of anatomical and medical science. Caspar Bartholin the Elder (1585-1629) introduced the terms nervus olfactorius and nervus vagus in 1611 in the Institutiones Anatomicae. Thomas Bartholin (1616-1680) extended their use to figures added to later revised editions of Institutiones Anatomicae.

A 56-year-old woman was admitted to hospital due to stress-dependent hoarseness and hypertensive urgency. The patient reported peaks of blood pressure of 210/160 mm Hg in combination with hoarseness. With indirect mirror examination, the ear-nose-and throat doctor diagnosed a paralysis of the vocal cord on the left side. The authors suspected a mass affecting the vagus nerve and performed a CT-scan with iodinated contrast material of the neck and thorax. Surprisingly the CT-scan showed an aneurysm of the aortic arch with a dilatation up to 4...

AIM: Recent studies indicate that tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD) does not initially manifest in the cerebral cortex but in selected subcortical nuclei, in particular the locus ceruleus (LC). In this study we correlate both olfactory and brainstem tau pathology with neuritic Braak stages. METHODS: We examined 239 unselected autopsy cases (57.3% female, 42.7% male; aged 55-102, mean 82.8 ± 9.7 SD years; AD, 44.8%; non-demented controls, 31.8%; Parkinson's disease, 5...

Antiganglioside GQ1b antibodies mediate a continuum of disorders with overlapping features, fostering the concept of anti-GQ1b antibody syndrome. We present a patient whose palatal insufficiency was the only clinical sign of postinfectious GQ1b antibody syndrome. Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging confirmed involvement of the glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve bilaterally, revealing gadolinium enhancement of both nerves bilaterally and thickening of the left nervus vagus. Magnetic resonance imaging may help in diagnosing postinfectious GQ1b antibody syndrome, especially at early stages and in monosymptomatic patients...

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INTRODUCTION: Neurofibroma occurs as an isolated or multiple lesions frequently associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1). Neurofibroma is a benign peripheral nerve sheath tumor composed of a variable mixture of Schwann, perineurial-like, and fibroblastic cells, as well as ones with features intermediate between these various cells, immersed in a collagenous or myxoid matrix. CASE REPORT: A 10-year-old boy visited the outpatient clinic with complaints of swelling and pain on the left side of his neck, which has been present for a year...

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to investigate the regeneration potential of RLN after the compression of the nerve, without disrupting its continuity, using neuromonitoring. METHODS: In the first operation, the RLN and nervus vagus of adult Goettingen minipigs were dissected free, and the neuromonitoring parameters (amplitude, threshold and lag time of signal) were measured. Injury of the RLN was induced using a "bulldog" clamp. When the signal was no longer detectable, after the 15 min regeneration phase, the operation was finished...

It is believed that acute pain suppresses nervus vagus, thereby, influencing gastrointestinal secretion and motility, which are the two factors that are necessary for disintegration and dissolution of solid dosage forms. We studied the pharmacokinetics of meloxicam and the effect of vagal suppression on the oral bioavailability and bioequivalence using a marketed (Brand) and a fast dissolving (FD) formulation. In simulated gastric juice, FD was disintegrated in 30s and released 30% of its meloxicam in 15 min and 60% in 2h...

This review describes the effects of realization of the central and peripheral "cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway" in a model of endotoxic and anaphylactic shock. Under endotoxic shock conditions, a pharmacological correction by means of the central m-cholinomimetic action (electrical stimulation of the distal ends of nervus vagus after bilateral cervical vagotomy, surgical implantation of the stimulant devise, activation of efferent vagal neurons by means of muscarinic agonist) is directed toward the elimination of LPS-induced hypotension...

This paper reports on the viral content of up to 52 tissue and organ samples of 18 individual large psittacines which died during an epornithic of Pacheco's parrot disease (PPD) caused by psittacid herpesvirus 1 (PsHV1). Associated clinical signs and pathological lesions are described. The large spectrum of samples found to be positive for PsHVl suggests that birds succumb to PPD during viraemia. Tissues and organs from which the virus could be isolated included the integument and associated structures, the muscular, respiratory and circulatory system, bone marrow, the nervous system, thyroid and adrenal glands, spleen and liver, the urogenital tract and the gastro-intestinal tract...

The pathogenesis of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in sheep was studied by immunohistochemical detection of scrapie-associated prion protein (PrP(Sc)) in the gastrointestinal, lymphoid and neural tissues following oral inoculation with BSE brain homogenate. First accumulation of PrP(Sc) was detected after 6 months in the tonsil and the ileal Peyer's patches. At 9 months postinfection, PrP(Sc) accumulation involved all gut-associated lymphoid tissues and lymph nodes as well as the spleen. At this time point, PrP(Sc) accumulation in the peripheral neural tissues was first seen in the enteric nervous system of the caudal jejunum and ileum and in the coeliac-mesenteric ganglion...

Sandifer's syndrome is a gastrointestinal disorder with neurological features. It is characterized by reflex torticollis following deglutition in patients with gastroesophageal reflux and/or hiatal hernia. The authors believe that neurological manifestations of the syndrome are the consequence of vagal reflex with the reflex center in nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS). Three models for the neuroanatomical basis of the hypothetic reflex arc are presented. In the first one the hypothetic reflex arc is based on the classic hypothesis of two components nervus accessorius (n...

Close interaction between the immune and nervous systems is well documented. The ability of immunocompetent cells to express receptors to neuroendocrine mediators as well as secrete many of them is proved. The current literature suggests that the hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonodal axes play the most significant role in the regulation of immune responsiveness. On the other hand, the immune system communicates with the CNS directly through the cytokines that are able to cross the blood-brain barrier, or directly via the nervus vagus, as well as via secondary messengers...

PURPOSE: To carry out an anatomic study of superior laryngeal nerve in not preserved in formaldehyde and not frozen corpses. METHODS: Thirty-eight male corpses from the Minas Gerais Medico-legal Institute (IML) were studied. In 18 corpses dissection was performed bilaterally and in 20 only on the left side, total number 56 nerves dissected. Their descriptive segments measurements and the anatomic relations with the cervical structures of the region were described...

To elucidate the still-unknown pathogenesis of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), an oral BSE challenge and sequential kill study was carried out on 56 calves. Relevant tissues belonging to the peripheral and central nervous system, as well as to the lymphoreticular tract, from necropsied animals were analysed by highly sensitive immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting techniques to reveal the presence of BSE-associated pathological prion protein (PrPSc) depositions. Our results demonstrate two routes involving the autonomic nervous system through which BSE prions spread by anterograde pathways from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) to the central nervous system (CNS): (i) via the coeliac and mesenteric ganglion complex, splanchnic nerves and the lumbal/caudal thoracic spinal cord (representing the sympathetic GIT innervation); and (ii) via the Nervus vagus (parasympathetic GIT innervation)...

Terminal part and the abdominal branches of pneumogastric nerve were and still is an up-to-date problem not only through the anatomic importance but also through its implications in surgical practice. The study was done on 50 corpses using the dissection method. We are looking after torsion variants of pneumogastric nerves around the esophagus, morphological variability of the periesophageal pnemogastric plexus among witch the pnemogastric nerves loose theirs individuality through the mixture and the anastomoses of the fibers and the morphological variability of abdominal branches of the nerve, grouped by us in anterior and posterior branches...

Historical aspects of respiratory reflexes from the lungs and airways are reviewed, up until about 10 yr ago. For most of the 19th century, the possible reflex inputs into the "respiratory center," the position of which had been identified, were very speculative. There was little concept of reflex control of the pattern of breathing. Then, in 1868, Breuer published his paper on "The self-steering of respiration via the Nervus Vagus." For the first time this established the role of vagal inflation and deflation reflexes in determining the pattern of breathing...

BACKGROUND: Trigeminocardiac reflex (TCR), the reproducible hypotension and bradycardia upon stimulation of the trigeminal nerve, has been reported during craniofacial surgery and during surgery within the cerebellopontine angle, petrosal sinus, orbit, and trigeminal ganglion. Whereas the falx cerebri is known to be innervated by the nervus tentorii, a recurrent branch of V1, there have been no reports to date of this response upon mechanical stimulation of the falx. CASE DESCRIPTION: We report a case of immediate, reproducible, and reflexive response of asystole upon stimulation of the falx cerebri during operative resection of a parafalcine meningioma in a 53-year-old woman...

BACKGROUND: Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is a specific marker for catecholaminergic neurones. Some reports have demonstrated a decrease of TH in the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) compared with controls. To further investigate this, the correlation between TH and sleep apnea was investigated here. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Among 27,000 infants studied prospectively to characterize their sleep-wake behavior, 38 infants died under 6 months of age. They included 26 cases of SIDS...