Air Transport

BACKGROUND: There is an increasing body of evidence associating short-term ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO2 ) exposure with asthma-related hospital admissions in children. However, most studies have relied on temporally resolved exposure information, potentially ignoring the spatial variability of NO2 . We aimed to investigate how daily NO2 estimates from a highly resolved spatio-temporal model are associated with the risk of emergency hospital admission for asthma in children in England...

This study seeks to investigate the impact of COVID-19 lockdown measures on air quality in the city of Mashhad employing two strategies. We initiated our research using basic statistical methods such as paired sample t-tests to compare hourly PM2.5 data in two scenarios: before and during quarantine, and pre- and post-lockdown. This initial analysis provided a broad understanding of potential changes in air quality. Notably, a low reduction of 2.40% in PM2.5 was recorded when compared to air quality prior to the lockdown period...

The harmful gas in the sealed fire area of a small coal mine rushes into the mining face of the lower coal seam, which restricts the efficient promotion of the working face. In this paper, based on the evolution law of caving coal rock dilatation coefficient, the characteristics of the heterogeneous distribution of permeability and voidage in goaf were obtained, and the mathematical model of gas migration in goaf is constructed. The numerical solution of gas migration in goaf under the sealed fire area of a small coal mine was realized by using the Free and Porous Media Flow module and the Transport of Dilute Matter in Porous Media module in COMSOL Multiphysics, and the corresponding measure was proposed...

BACKGROUND: Air conditioners can prevent heat-related illness and mortality, but the increased use of air conditioners may enhance susceptibility to heat-related illnesses during large-scale power failures. Here, we examined the risks of heat-related illness ambulance transport (HIAT) and mortality associated with typhoon-related electricity reduction (ER) in the summer months in the Tokyo metropolitan area. METHODS: We conducted event study analyses to compare temperature-HIAT and mortality associations before and after the power outage (July to September 2019)...

This study reports on temporal variations of NO2 , O3 , and SO2 pollutants and their related health effects in urban air of Khorramabad, Iran using AirQ 2.2.3 software. Based on data between 2015-2021, hourly NO2 , O3 , and SO2 concentrations increase starting at 6:00 AM local time until 9:00 PM, 3:00 PM, and 7:00 PM local time, respectively, before gradually decreasing. The highest monthly NO2 , O3 , and SO2 concentrations are observed in October, August, and September, respectively. Annual median NO2 , O3 , and SO2 concentrations range between 17 ppb - 38...

The increasing level of mechanization in coal mining means more dust and gas are generated during excavation operations in tunnels. The high concentrations of dust and gas severely affect production efficiency and the physical and mental health of workers. Here, Ansys Fluent simulations were performed to derive the spatiotemporal evolution of coupled airflow-dust-gas diffusion in a low-gas excavation face. The aim was to optimize pollution control by determining the optimal duct distance, L, from the working face in the excavation tunnel...

BACKGROUND: Taxi drivers in a Chinese megacity are frequently exposed to traffic-related particulate matter (PM2.5 ) due to their job nature, busy road traffic, and urban density. A robust method to quantify dynamic population exposure to PM2.5 among taxi drivers is important for occupational risk prevention, however, it is limited by data availability. METHODS: This study proposed a rapid assessment of dynamic exposure to PM2.5 among drivers based on satellite-derived information, air quality data from monitoring stations, and GPS-based taxi trajectory data...

There are a large number of airplanes currently being operated, in which the ventilation system needs to be improved to more effectively remove air contaminants. A potential approach is to adjust the supply air directions with the use of simple airflow deflectors. This study proposed a method for optimizing the supply air direction of ventilation in aircraft cabins based on the Re-field synergy index and Bayesian optimization. A validated numerical model was used to calculate the air distribution and air contaminant transport in a single-row single-aisle aircraft cabin to obtain the Re-field synergy values...

This study focuses on the hole transport layer of molybdenum trioxide (MoO3 ) for inverted bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic photovoltaics (OPVs), which were fabricated using a combination of a spray coating and low-temperature annealing process as an alternative to the thermal evaporation process. To achieve a good coating quality of the sprayed film, the solvent used for solution-processed MoO3 (S-MoO3 ) should be well prepared. Isopropanol (IPA) is added to the as-prepared S-MoO3 solution to control its concentration...

Transmission of fungi in the air and its impact on health are regarded as important public health issues. Bioaerosols play an important role in causing or exacerbating infectious diseases, acute toxic effects, allergies, and cardiopulmonary symptoms. As many people use the public transportation system daily, it is necessary to determine the type and manner of dispersal and abundance of airborne fungi in public transport places. Three public transportation systems including a bus station, a train station, and an airport in Ahvaz city (Iran) were examined...

Fire emissions in Southeast Asia transported to southern China every spring (March-May), influencing not only the air quality but also the weather and climate. However, the multi-year variations and magnitude of this impact on aerosol radiation forcing in southern China remain unclear. Here, we quantified the multi-year contributions of fire emissions in Indo-China Peninsula (ICP) region to aerosol radiation forcing in the various southern Chinese provinces during the fire season (March-May) of 2013-2019 combining the 3-dimension chemical transport model and the Column Radiation Model (CRM) simulations...

Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) is one of the sewer gases commonly found in wastewater collection systems. This anaerobic degradation product causes issues, ranging from odor nuisances and health hazards to pipe corrosion. Several studies have provided an understanding of H2 S formation mechanism, including simulations of H2 S emissions in sewers, especially in pressurized systems. However, the present models necessitate a large amount of data due to the complexity of the H2 S processes and common routine-monitoring water quality parameters may not fit the requirements...

Lithophobic Li2 CO3 /LiOH contaminants and high-resistance lithium-deficient phases produced from the exposure of garnet electrolyte to air leads to a decrease in electrolyte ion transfer ability. Additionally, garnet electrolyte grain boundaries (GBs) with narrow bandgap and high electron conductivity are potential channels for current leakage, which accelerate Li dendrites generation, ultimately leading to short-circuiting of all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs). Herein, a stably lithiophilic Li2 ZO3 is in situ constructed at garnet electrolyte surface and GBs by interfacial modification with ZrO2 and Li2 CO3 (Z+C) co-sintering to eliminate the detrimental contaminants and lithium-deficient phases...

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to review and synthesize what design factors are associated with the physiological and psychological health of occupants in underground spaces. BACKGROUND: The development of underground spaces offers options to global challenges, such as traffic congestion, urban overcrowding, the revitalization of dormant underground areas, disaster mitigation, and adaptation to extreme environments. Despite these advantages, concerns persist about potential adverse effects on human health in these environments...

INTRODUCTION: With the increase of urban population density, urban sanitation becomes more severe; urban sanitation has important influence on public health. Therefore, in order to realize the detection of public health in smart cities, the research will use cutting-edge scientific and technological methods to improve urban environmental health, so as to promote the realization of public health achievements. This study introduces public health detection and optimizationtechnologies for smart cities...

Understanding of the photochemical ozone (O3 ) pollution over the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) of southern China remains limited. We performed an in-depth analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) data collected on an island (i.e., the Da Wan Shan Island, DWS) located at the downwind of Pearl River Delta (PRD) from 26 November to 15 December 2021. Abundances of O3 and its precursors were measured when the air masses originated from the inland PRD. We observed that the VOCs levels at the DWS site were lower, while the mixing ratio of O3 was higher, compared to those reported at inland PRD, indicating the occurrence of photochemical consumption of VOCs during the air masses transport, which was further confirmed by the composition and diurnal variations of VOCs, as well as ratios of specific VOCs...

Obesity is currently one of the most alarming pathological conditions due to the progressive increase in its prevalence. In the last decade, it has been associated with fine particulate matter suspended in the air (PM2.5 ). The purpose of this study was to explore the mechanistic interaction of PM2.5 with a high-fat diet (HFD) through the differential regulation of transcriptional signatures, aiming to identify the association of these particles with metabolically abnormal obesity. The research design was observational, using bioinformatic methods and an explanatory approach based on Rothman's causal model...

Functional networks have emerged as powerful instruments to characterize the propagation of information in complex systems, with applications ranging from neuroscience to climate and air transport. In spite of their success, reliable methods for validating the resulting structures are still missing, forcing the community to resort to expert knowledge or simplified models of the system's dynamics. We here propose the use of a real-world problem, involving the reconstruction of the structure of flights in the US air transport system from the activity of individual airports, as a way to explore the limits of such an approach...

All-inorganic CsPbI2 Br perovskite is striking as a result of the reasonable band gap and thermal stability. However, the notorious air instability, unsatisfactory conversion efficiencies, and toxic water-soluble Pb2+ ions have greatly limited the further development of CsPbI2 Br-based devices. Herein, a facile strategy is developed to prepare efficient and air-stable CsPbI2 Br-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with in situ lead leakage protection. With the introduction of 2,2'-dihydroxy-4,4'-dimethoxy-5,5'-disulfobenzophenone disodium salt (BP-9) into the CsPbI2 Br precursor solution, the crystallization of perovskite can be regulated at a reduced trap density, the uncoordinated Pb2+ ions and electron-rich defects in the structure can be passivated to suppress non-radiative recombination, and the energy level arrangement can be optimized to improve charge carrier transport...

Herein, we synthesized two donor-acceptor (D-A) type small organic molecules with self-assembly properties, namely MPA-BT-BA and MPA-2FBT-BA, both containing a low acidity anchoring group, benzoic acid. After systematically investigation, it is found that, with the fluorination, the MPA-2FBT-BA demonstrates a lower highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level, higher hole mobility, higher hydrophobicity and stronger interaction with the perovskite layer than that of MPA-BT-BA. As a result, the device based-on MPA-2FBT-BA displays a better crystallization and morphology of perovskite layer with larger grain size and less non-radiative recombination...