Neuroendocrine

PURPOSE: High-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma (HGNEC) of the lung is an aggressive cancer with a complex biology. We aimed to explore the prognostic value of genetic aberrations and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1) expression in HGNEC and to establish a novel prognostic model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively enrolled 191 patients with histologically confirmed HGNEC of the lung. Tumor tissues were analyzed using PARP1 immunohistochemistry (IHC; N = 191) and comprehensive cancer panel sequencing (n = 102)...

A 47-year-old woman presented with multiple gastric tumors, each up to 10 mm in diameter, in the gastric body and fundus without mucosal atrophy. White spots and numerous transparent, light-brownish, small, and rounded spots were observed in the background gastric mucosa. Biopsy specimens obtained from the tumors revealed gastric neuroendocrine tumors. The patient exhibited hypergastrinemia and achlorhydria and tested negative for serum parietal cell antibody, intrinsic factor antibody, and Helicobacter pylori infection...

Neuroactive steroids are a type of steroid hormones produced within the nervous system or in peripheral glands and then transported to the brain to exert their neuromodulatory effects. Neuroactive steroids have pleiotropic effects, that include promoting myelination, neuroplasticity, and brain development. They also regulate important physiological functions, such as metabolism, feeding, reproduction, and stress response. The homoeostatic processes of metabolism and reproduction are closely linked and mutually dependent...

Carcinoid tumors are rare neoplasms, most frequently found in the gastrointestinal tract, responsible for the production of neuroendocrine mediators. Carcinoid syndrome is even rarer and consists of a set of symptoms characteristic of the release of these mediators into the systemic circulation. We present an interesting case of a patient with carcinoid syndrome as a late manifestation of a gastric neuroendocrine tumor with, highlighting the importance of knowing how to identify the carcinoid syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: To report an autoimmune paraneoplastic encephalitis characterized by immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody targeting synaptic protein calmodulin kinase-like vesicle-associated (CAMKV). METHODS: Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples harboring unclassified antibodies on murine brain-based indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) were screened by human protein microarray. In 5 patients with identical cerebral IFA staining, CAMKV was identified as top-ranking candidate antigen...

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Autosomal dominant hereditary paraganglioma-pheochromocytoma syndrome (HPPS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by neuroendocrine tumor development associated with pathogenic variants in succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) enzyme complex genes. Particularly, HPPS linked to SDHB mutation poses a significant clinical challenge due to its association with aggressive tumor features and a high risk of malignancy. Our report underscores the diversity in the presentation of patients with SDHB-mutated paraganglioma and the feasibility of managing it with a minimally invasive surgical approach...

Sunscreen is widely used for ultraviolet radiation protection. Studies validate sun protection factors (SPFs) to prevent ultraviolet (UV)-induced skin changes such as melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Few studies examine sunscreen's impact on endocrine and immune system dysregulation, the production of radical oxygen species, and whether the ingredients deteriorate under prolonged exposure. We present an investigation of sunscreen labels and how ingredients impact sun safety and human health. A review of the literature was conducted using Embase and PubMed to examine sunscreen safety, efficacy, and use to prevent UV-induced skin damage...

CONTEXT: Spatial transcriptomic (ST) analysis of tumors provides a novel approach to studying gene expression along with the localization of tumor cells in their environment to uncover spatial interactions. DESIGN: We present ST analysis of corticotroph pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. ST data were compared to immunohistochemistry results. Gene expression profiles were reviewed for cluster annotations, and differentially expressed genes were used for pathway analysis...

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare type of skin cancer of the neuroendocrine Merkel mechanoreceptors. These cells are closely associated with nerve terminals and, given their proximity to cutaneous tissue, have the propensity to develop into deeply ulcerated, fungating malignancies. These friable wounds are easily irritated, and can cause significant pain for patients. We report a palliative case of severe, fungating MCC of the left scalp where the main contributor to the patient's illness burden is pain...

BACKGROUND: One of the most challenging diagnostic categories in the sinonasal tract includes small-blue-round-cell tumors. These are malignant tumors which show many overlapping histomorphology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) findings. Limited, small biopsy of these not completely excisable tumors adds to the diagnostic confusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was done for 2 years (January 2018-December 2020) in a tertiary care institute, which included 70 cases of tumors of which 49 cases were malignant...

AIM AND OBJECTIVES: The study aims to categorize malignant small round cell tumors (MSRCTs) originating in various sites of the body with the objective of utilization of cytomorphological features and ancillary techniques. STUDY DESIGN: It is a cross-sectional study conducted over a time span of 3 years (2017-2020). 33 cases of tumors with round cell morphology were evaluated by fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The application of cell block preparation supported by immunohistochemistry aided in the categorization of 23 cases with definite diagnosis and the rest were reported as MSRCTs...

A 46-year-old woman was troubled by a 3-year history of constant headaches and arthralgias. She was treated with paracetamol with no symptom resolution. An abnormal fasting glucose level prompted endocrine evaluation. On physical examination, she casually mentioned that her wedding ring no longer fit, and she also confirmed an increase in shoe size. There were no characteristic facial features for acromegaly and there was no evidence of acral enlargement. Biochemical evaluation, including insulin-like growth factor type 1 (IGF-1) measurement and oral glucose loading with growth hormone (GH) measurement confirmed excess GH production and a diagnosis of acromegaly...

BACKGROUND: The advances of minimally invasive endoscopy-guided procedures that usually yield limited diagnostic material changed pancreaticobiliary cytopathology into one of the most challenging areas of Cytopathology given the abundance of differential diagnoses to be considered when dealing with limited specimens. SUMMARY: We describes a few challenging, examples of potential pitfalls in pancreatobiliary cytopathology evaluation collected from a busy academic hospital (tertiary) center...

We report the findings of 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT in a 56-year-old woman with solitary pulmonary perivascular epithelioid cell tumor. 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT showed a lesion with intense uptake in the region of pancreatic head and a solitary nodule with moderate uptake in the left lung. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor with pulmonary metastasis was considered. The postoperative pathological results showed a benign perivascular epithelioid cell tumor of the lung. This case emphasizes the need to increase awareness of benign perivascular epithelioid cell tumors in the differential diagnosis of solitary pulmonary nodule with moderate DOTATATE activity...

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is the basis of histological or pathological analysis and is widely used to enable the detection and characterization of proteins in various organ tissues, including brain tissues. IHC is commonly performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues because of their easy storage and versatility. IHC is a key method for providing more accurate analysis of localization and function of neurons, neuroendocrine cells, and neural stem cells in the brain and other nervous systems...

We presented a case involving a 56-year-old man who had been experiencing shoulder and back pain for over a year, with extensive bone metastases revealed by a bone scan. To identify the primary source of these issues, the patients underwent a fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (18 F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scan, which indicated moderate uptake in the right renal soft mass and low uptake in multiple osteolytic lesions. Pathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the renal mass supported the diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors...

BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (GILCNEC) has a low incidence but high malignancy and poor prognosis.The main purpose of this study was to thoroughly investigate its clinicopathological features, survival and prognostic factors. METHODS: Information on patients with GILCNEC was extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result program, and prognostic factors were analyzed by analyzing clinicopathological data and survival functions...

BACKGROUND: More than half of neuroendocrine tumor (NET) patients will experience liver metastasis, and interventional therapy represented by transarterial embolization (TAE) is the main local treatment method. Surufatinib is recommended as a standard systemic treatment for advanced NETs. The efficacy and safety of surufatinib combined with TAE in the treatment of liver metastasis are undetermined. This study was conducted to compare the clinical outcome of surufatinib combined with TAE versus surufatinib monotherapy in liver metastatic NETs...

Small-cell carcinoma of the bladder (SCCB) is an uncommon and aggressive malignancy of the urinary tract. Its clinical presentation often mimics that of other bladder neoplasms, posing a diagnostic challenge. This case report presents a rare instance of SCCB in a 65-year-old female, shedding light on the diagnostic journey and emphasizing the need for heightened and prompt clinical suspicion due to its aggressive nature. The patient presented to the urological department with hematuria, dysuria, and hypogastric pain...