aerosolized antibiotics

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Legionella bacteria are commonly found in natural aquatic environments such as rivers, lakes, ponds and hot springs. Legionella infection occurs through the inhalation of water-air aerosol generated, for example, by showers or hot tubs. The most common species responsible for infection is Legionella pneumophila, which can cause Pontiac fever, and Legionnaires' disease, as well as a rare extrapulmonary form. The aim of the study's is to assess the susceptibility of Legionella pneumophila bacteria isolated from water systems of public buildings in Poland to antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents used in the treatment of Legionellosis pneumonia...

The recent characterization of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in clouds evidenced that the atmosphere actively partakes in the global spreading of antibiotic resistance worldwide. Indeed, the outdoor atmosphere continuously receives large quantities of particles of biological origins, emitted from both anthropogenic or natural sources at the near Earth's surface. Nonetheless, our understanding of the composition of the atmospheric resistome, especially at mid-altitude (i.e. above 1000 m a...

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) with potential multiple drug resistance (MDR) have emerged as a major group of organisms causing ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Higher concentrations are deposited directly in the lungs when antibiotics are given via inhalation, minimizing systemic side effects. This study aims to compare the efficacy and safety of intravenous plus aerosolized colistin versus intravenous (IV) colistin alone in critically ill trauma patients who reported MDR-GNB infection on endotracheal aspirate culture...

The antibiotic-resistant pollution in size-segregated bioaerosols from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is of increasing concern due to its public health risks, but an elaborate review is still lacking. This work overviewed the profile, mobility, pathogenic hosts, source, and risks of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in size-segregated bioaerosols from WWTPs. The dominant ARG type in size-segregated bioaerosols from WWTPs was multidrug resistance genes. Treatment units that equipped with mechanical facilities and aeration devices, such as grilles, grit chambers, biochemical reaction tanks, and sludge treatment units, were the primary sources of bioaerosol antibiotic resistome in WWTPs...

Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are widespread environmental pollutants of biological origin that pose a significant threat to human, animal, and plant health, as well as to ecosystems. ARGs are found in soil, water, air, and waste, and several pathways for global dissemination in the environment have been described. However, studies on airborne ARG transport through atmospheric particles are limited. The ARGs in microorganisms inhabiting an environment are referred to as the "resistome". A global search was conducted of air-resistome studies by retrieving bioaerosol ARG-related papers published in the last 30 years from PubMed...

Murepavadin is a peptidomimetic exhibiting specific inhibitory activity against Pseudomonas species. In the present study, its in vitro activity was assessed on 230 cystic fibrosis (CF) strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from 12 French hospitals, in comparison with 12 other antipseudomonal antibiotics. Although murepavadin is still in preclinical stage of development, 9.1% ( n = 21) of strains had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) >4 mg/L, a level at least 128-fold higher than the modal MIC value of the whole collection (≤0...

Public transportation facilities, especially road crossings, which raise the pathogenic potential of urban environments, are the most conducive places for the transfer of germs between people and the environment. It is necessary to study the variety of the microbiome and describe its unique characteristics to comprehend these relationships. In this investigation, we used 16 S rRNA gene sample sequencing to examine the biological constituents and inhalable, thoracic, and alveolar particles in aerosol samples collected from busy areas in the Gangnam-gu district of the Seoul metropolitan area using a mobile vehicle...

OBJECTIVES: Diagnosis of pneumonia is challenging in critically ill, intubated patients due to limited diagnostic modalities. Endotracheal aspirate (EA) cultures are standard of care in many ICUs; however, frequent EA contamination leads to unnecessary antibiotic use. Nonbronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage (NBBL) obtains sterile, alveolar cultures, avoiding contamination. However, paired NBBL and EA sampling in the setting of a lack of gold standard for airway culture is a novel approach to improve culture accuracy and limit antibiotic use in the critically ill patients...

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited lung disease characterised by the accumulation of thick layers of dried mucus in the lungs which serve as a nidus for chronic infection. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the predominant cause of chronic lung infection in cystic fibrosis. The dense mucus coupled with biofilm formation hinder antibiotic penetration and prevent them from reaching their target. Mucoactive agents are recommended in the treatment of CF in combination with antibiotics. In spite of the extensive research in developing novel drug combinations for the treatment of lung infection in CF, to our knowledge, there is no study that combines antibiotic, antibiofilm and mucoactive agent in a single inhaled dry powder formulation...

Pulmonary infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria have become a significant threat to human health. Bacterial biofilms exacerbate the persistence and recurrence of pulmonary infections, hindering the accessibility and effectiveness of antibiotics. In this study, a dry powder inhalation (DPI) consisting of polymyxin B sulfate (PMBS) inhalable microparticles and high-lectin-affinity (HLA) sugar (i.e., raffinose) carriers was developed for treating pulmonary infections and targeting bacterial lectins essential for biofilm growth...

BACKGROUND: Nebuliser systems are used to deliver medications to the lungs, to control the symptoms and the progression of lung disease in people with cystic fibrosis (CF). There are many different nebulised-medications prescribed for people with CF and there are many different types of nebuliser systems. Some of these nebulised medications are licenced for, and can be taken via only one type of nebuliser system; some are licensed for, and can be taken via more than one type of nebuliser system...

Nosocomial pneumonia, or hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) are important health problems worldwide, with both being associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. HAP is currently the main cause of death from nosocomial infection in critically ill patients. Although guidelines for the approach to this infection model are widely implemented in international health systems and clinical teams, information continually emerges that generates debate or requires updating in its management...

The aerosol inhalation delivery of composite particles consisting of Ag nanoparticles enveloped by polyvinylpyrrolidone was investigated in experiments with mice. An ultrasonic nebulizing system was created for the generation of aerosols with a mean diameter and mass concentration of 700 ± 50 nm and 65 ± 5 mg/m3 , respectively. The mass fraction of Ag in the composite particles was α = 0.061. The aerosol delivery was performed in a whole-body chamber with an exposition time of 20 min. Pharmacokinetic measurements were taken and the silver concentrations in the blood and lungs of the mice were measured as a function of time after exposition by means of electrothermal (graphite furnace) atomic absorption spectrometry...

Inhaled antibiotics delivered through dry powder inhalers (DPIs) effectively treat severe bacterial infections by directly targeting the lungs. Our study focused on developing inhalable dry powder microspheres of linezolid (LNZ) using biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL) polymer. The LNZ-PCL microspheres were fabricated using a double emulsification solvent evaporation method. Optimization of formulation parameters was performed using a factorial design. Evaluation of the microspheres included size, shape, drug loading, entrapment efficiency, aerosolization, and drug release...

The increasing emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and the need to reduce the use of antibiotics call for the development of safe alternatives, such as silver nanoparticles. However, their potential cytotoxic effect needs to be addressed. Graphene oxide provides a large platform that can increase the effectiveness and safety of silver nanoparticles. Graphene oxide and silver nanoparticles complex applied as a part of an innovative material might have direct contact with human tissues, such as skin, or might be inhaled from aerosol or exfoliated pieces of the complex...

Respiratory antibiotics delivery has been appreciated for its high local concentration at the infection sites. Certain formulation strategies are required to improve pulmonary drug exposure and to achieve effective antimicrobial activity, especially for highly permeable antibiotics. This study aimed to investigate lung exposure to various inhalable ciprofloxacin (CIP) formulations with different drug release rates in a rat model. Four formulations were prepared, i.e., CIP-loaded PLGA micro-particles (CHPM), CIP microcrystalline dry powder (CMDP), CIP nanocrystalline dry powder (CNDP), and CIP spray-dried powder (CHDP), which served as a reference...

The increased prevalence of pulmonary methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection in patients living with cystic fibrosis (CF) is concerning due to a correlation with reduced life expectancy and lack of available treatment options. RV94 is a next generation lipoglycopeptide designed for pulmonary delivery that preclinically demonstrated high potency against MRSA in planktonic and protected colonies and improved pulmonary clearance relative to same class molecules. Here, RV94 was formulated into a dry powder for inhalation (DPI) to investigate the localized treatment of pulmonary MRSA presented in a potentially more convenient dosage form...

Understanding how bacteria respond to ventilated environments is a crucial concept, especially when considering accurate airflow modeling and detection limits. To properly design facilities for aseptic conditions, we must minimize the parameters for pathogenic bacteria to thrive. Identifying how pathogenic bacteria continue to survive, particularly due to their multi-drug resistance characteristics, is necessary for designing sterile environments and minimizing pathogen exposure. A conserved characteristic among bacterial organisms is their ability to maintain intracellular homeostasis for survival and growth in hostile environments...

HPLC method is the standard method for the separation and quantification of impurities from quinolone antibiotics. However, due to the large differences in the UV absorption of the impurities in quinolone antibiotics, quantitative analysis without the availability of corresponding reference substances currently poses a challenge. A sensitive and direct method using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector and charged aerosol detector (HPLC-DAD-CAD) was developed for the analysis of impurities in quinolone antibiotics...

BACKGROUND: Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) caused by Orthohantavirus (OHV) and scrub typhus (ST) caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi (OT) are two infectious diseases prevalent in southwest China. Rodents are the natural host and the main source of the two diseases. OT infection to humans is usually resulted from bite of an infective chigger mite on rodents, and OHV is transmitted through contact or inhalation of aerosols and secretions from infected rodent. The use of antibiotics and hormones is crucial for infectious diseases, although the clinical manifestations are not obvious and a definitive diagnosis becomes more difficult in the presence of these drugs...