tRNS

One of the prominent sign of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is structural changes in the hippocampus. Recently, the new methods used to treat this disease is transcranial electrical stimulation (tES). This study evaluated the effect of four primary standards of tES, including tDCS, tACS, tRNS, and tPCS on beta-amyloid 25-35 (Aβ25-35)-induced structural changes in the CA1 region of hippocampus in male rats. For this purpose, rats weighing 250-275 g were selected, the cannula was embedded reciprocally into the hippocampi...

OBJECTIVE: To compare effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial random noise stimulation with a direct-current offset (tRNS + DC-offset) on working memory (WM) performance and task-related electroencephalography (EEG) in individuals with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). METHODS: Using a sham-controlled, parallel-groups design, 49 participants with MDD received either anodal tDCS (N = 16), high-frequency tRNS + DC-offset (N = 16), or sham stimulation (N = 17) to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) for 20-minutes...

BACKGROUND: The Begonia species are common shade plants that are mostly found in southwest China. They have not been well studied despite their medicinal and decorative uses because gene penetration, decreased adaptability, and restricted availability are all caused by frequent interspecific hybridization. RESULT: To understand the patterns of mutation in the chloroplast genomes of different species of Begonia, as well as their evolutionary relationships, we collected seven Begonia species in China and sequenced their chloroplast genomes...

Neural noise is an inherent property of all nervous systems. However, our understanding of the mechanisms by which noise influences perception is still limited. To elucidate this relationship, we require techniques that can safely modulate noise in humans. Transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) has been proposed to induce noise into cortical processing areas according to the principles of stochastic resonance (SR). Specifically, it has been demonstrated that small to moderate intensities of noise improve performance...

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1219043.].

BACKGROUND: Indonesian local rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is a local breed in Indonesia. We reveal the mitochondrial genome sequence of the Indonesian local Rabbit for the first time. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying these beneficial aspects of local breeds over imported ones requires detailed genetic investigations, of which mtDNA genome sequencing is of particular importance. Such an investigation will solve the major issues of misidentification with Javanese hares (Lepus nigricollis) and maternal lineage...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

The Polygonatum genus represents a perennial herb with the Liliaceae family, boasting substantial economic and medicinal significance. The majority of Polygonatum plants exhibit notable similarity while lacking distinctive identifying characteristics, thus resulting in the proliferation of adulterated medicinal materials within the market. Within this study, we conducted an in-depth analysis of the complete chloroplast (cp) genomes of four Polygonatum plants and compared them with four closely akin species...

BACKGROUND: Climate fluctuations during the Pleistocene and mountain uplift are vital driving forces affecting geographic distribution. Here, we ask how an annual plant responded to the Pleistocene glacial cycles. METHODS: In this study, we analyzed the population demographic history of the annual herb Swertia tetraptera Maxim (Gentianaceae) endemic to Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). A total of 301 individuals from 35 populations of S. tetraptera were analyzed based on two maternally inherited chloroplast fragments (trnL-trnF and trnS-trnG)...

BACKGROUND: The genus Sanicula comprises ca. 45 taxa, widely distributed from East Asia to North America, which is a taxonomically difficult genus with high medicinal value in Apiaceae. The systematic classification of the genus has been controversial for a long time due to varied characters in key morphological traits. China is one of the most important distributed centers, with ca. 18 species and two varieties. At present, chloroplast genomes are generally considered to be conservative and play an important role in evolutionary relationship study...

Previous research has highlighted the role of the excitation/inhibition (E/I) ratio for typical and atypical development, mental health, cognition, and learning. Other research has highlighted the benefits of high-frequency transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS)-an excitatory form of neurostimulation-on learning. We examined the E/I as a potential mechanism and studied whether tRNS effect on learning depends on E/I as measured by the aperiodic exponent as its putative marker. In addition to manipulating E/I using tRNS, we also manipulated the level of learning (learning/overlearning) that has been shown to influence E/I...

Temperature-responsive nanostructures with high antimicrobial efficacy are attractive for therapeutic applications against multi-drug-resistant bacteria. Here, we report temperature-responsive nanospheres (TRNs) that are engineered to undergo self-association and agglomeration above a tunable transition temperature (T t ). Temperature-responsive behavior of the nanoparticles is obtained by functionalizing citrate-capped, spherical gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs). Using protein design principles, we achieve a broad range of attainable T t values and photothermal conversion efficiencies ( η )...

BACKGROUND: Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) has demonstrated mixed effects on the clinical symptoms of multiple sclerosis. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of NIBS techniques on the most common symptoms of MS. METHODS: A literature search was performed until October 2022 which included randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies that used sham-controlled NIBS in patients with MS. We calculated the Hedge's effect sizes of each domain of interest and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) and performed random effects meta-analyses...

Non-invasive brain stimulation has been suggested as a potential treatment for improving symptomology and cognitive deficits in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), the most common childhood neurodevelopmental disorder. Here, we examined whether a novel form of stimulation, high-frequency transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), applied with cognitive training (CT), may impact symptoms and neural oscillations in children with ADHD. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial in 23 unmedicated children with ADHD, who received either tRNS over the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (lDLPFC) or sham stimulation for 2 weeks, combined with CT...

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) plays a key role in tactile perceptual discrimination performance. Both transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) and anodal transcranial pulsed current stimulation (tPCS) have been shown to modulate neural activity in cortical regions. In this study, we aimed to determine whether tRNS and anodal tPCS over the left DLPFC would improve tactile perceptual discrimination performance of the right index finger in healthy neurological individuals. Subjects underwent a grating orientation task before, immediately after, and 30min after applying tRNS in Experiment 1 or anodal tPCS in Experiment 2...

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) in patients with disorders of consciousness (DoC) and compare differences in efficacy between different stimulation modalities. METHODS: We searched the PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases for all studies published in English from inception to April 2023. Literature screening and quality assessment were performed independently by two investigators...

Emotional facial expressions provide cues for social interactions and emotional events can distort our sense of time. The present study investigates the effect of facial emotional stimuli of anger and sadness on time perception. Moreover, to investigate the causal role of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in emotional recognition, we employed transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) over OFC and tested the effect on participants' emotional recognition as well as on time processing. Participants performed a timing task in which they were asked to categorize as "short" or "long" temporal intervals marked by images of people expressing anger, sad or neutral emotional facial expressions...

Stochastic Resonance (SR) describes a phenomenon where an additive noise (stochastic carrier-wave) enhances the signal transmission in a nonlinear system. In the nervous system, nonlinear properties are present from the level of single ion channels all the way to perception and appear to support the emergence of SR. For example, SR has been repeatedly demonstrated for visual detection tasks, also by adding noise directly to cortical areas via transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS). When dealing with nonlinear physical systems, it has been suggested that resonance can be induced not only by adding stochastic signals (i...

Juniperus deltoides is a relict species from the Tertiary Period. It is a typical representative of the Mediterranean group of the section Juniperus. It is included in the Red Books of the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol. Until recently, it was believed that a population of J. oxycedrus grew in Crimea. Currently, J. deltoides is described as a cryptic species, morphologically difficult to distinguish from J. oxycedrus. As a result, it became necessary to conduct a series of detailed studies to determine the morphological and phylogenetic features of the Crimean cryptic population in order to identify it as being one of the species of the cryptic pair...

Pseudostellaria heterophylla (Miq.) Pax is a well-known medicinal and ecologically important plant. Effectively distinguishing its different genetic resources is essential for its breeding. Plant chloroplast genomes can provide much more information than traditional molecular markers and provide higher-resolution genetic analyses to distinguish closely related planting materials. Here, seventeen P. heterophylla samples from Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou, Hebei, Hunan, Jiangsu, and Shandong provinces were collected, and a genome skimming strategy was employed to obtain their chloroplast genomes...