Sodium reduction

Metabolic targets are controversial in older people with type 2 diabetes due to functional heterogeneity and morbidity burden. Tight blood pressure and metabolic control appears beneficial in fit individuals who are newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and have fewer comorbidities. The benefits of low blood pressure and tight metabolic control is attenuated with the development of comorbidities, especially frailty. Guidelines consider frail older people as one category and recommend relaxed targets. However, sarcopenic obese frail individuals may benefit from tight targets and intensification of therapy due to their unfavourable metabolic profile, accelerated diabetes trajectory and high cardiovascular risk...

AIMS: Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) are proposed to alleviate the development of inflammatory eye diseases. However, the association between SGLT2i and retinal vascular occlusion remains unclear. Therefore, this study aims to explore the effects of SGLT2i on the incidence of retinal vascular occlusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective cohort study analysed electronic medical records data from the largest multi-institutional database in Taiwan...

BACKGROUND: U.S. nationwide estimates of the proportion of patients newly diagnosed with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) eligible for quadruple medical therapy, and the associated benefits of rapid implementation, are not well characterized. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to characterize the degree to which patients newly diagnosed with HFrEF are eligible for quadruple medical therapy, and the projected benefits of in-hospital initiation. METHODS: Among patients hospitalized for newly diagnosed HFrEF in the Get With The Guidelines-Heart Failure registry from 2016 to 2023, eligibility criteria based on regulatory labeling, guidelines, and expert consensus documents were applied for angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor, beta-blocker, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor therapies...

Water electrolysis is among the recent alternatives for generating clean fuels (hydrogen). It is an efficient way to produce pure hydrogen at a rapid pace with no unwanted by-products. Effective and cheap water-splitting electrocatalysts with enhanced activity, specificity, and stability are currently widely studied. In this regard, noble metal-free transition metal-based catalysts are of high interest. Iron sulfide (FeS) is one of the essential electrocatalysts for water splitting because of its unique structural and electrochemical features...

AIM: The purpose of this ex-vivo study is to evaluate the efficacy of three irrigation techniques in the reduction of E. faecalis in root canal. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty healthy maxillary anteriors were employed in this investigation. The bacteria E. faecalis was left on teeth for 7 days while they were kept. Once teeth were contaminated, they were randomly divided into three groups of 20 for experimentation and a control group of 20 for comparison. NaviTip FX was used to irrigate Group I, the Max-I-probe was used to water Group II, and the Endovac system was used to water Group III...

In this study, an edible film was fabricated by incorporating anthocyanin extract from black rice (AEBR) into acetylated cassava starch (ACS)/carboxymethyl-cellulose (CMC) to enhance the shelf life of pumpkin seeds. The effects of AEBR on the rheological properties of film-forming solutions, as well as the structural characterization and physicochemical properties of the film, were evaluated. Rheological properties of solutions revealed that AEBR was evenly dispersed into polymer matrix and bound by hydrogen bonds, as confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis...

Desalinated seawater (DSW) has emerged as a promising solution for irrigation in regions facing water scarcity. However, adopting DSW may impact the existing cultivation model, given the presence of potentially harmful elements, among other factors. A three-year experiment was carried out to assess the short-term effects of four irrigation waters-freshwater (FW), DSW, a mix 1:1 of FW and DSW (MW), and DSW with low boron (B) concentration (DSW-B)-on a 'Rio Red' grapefruit orchard. These irrigation waters exhibited varying levels of phytotoxic elements, some potentially harmful to citrus trees...

(1) Background: Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) increase uric acid excretion. The intensity of uricosuria is linked to glycosuria. (2) Methods: We aim to analyze the effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on urinary fractional excretion (FE) of uric acid and glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in a single-center retrospective study with patients with T2DM and CKD who started on treatment with SGLT2is. Patients on renal replacement therapy or with glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) analogs were excluded...

BACKGROUND: Sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) are a class of drugs with modest antidiabetic efficacy, weight loss effect, and cardiovascular benefits as proven by multiple randomised controlled trials (RCTs). However, real-world data on the comparative efficacy and safety of individual SGLT-2i medications is sparse. AIM: To study the comparative efficacy and safety of SGLT-2i using real-world clinical data. METHODS: We evaluated the comparative efficacy data of 3 SGLT-2i drugs (dapagliflozin, canagliflozin, and empagliflozin) used for treating patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus...

The purpose of the current investigation was to conduct a detailed analysis of the chemical components and medicinal properties of the methanolic crude extract derived from the leaves of Cassia fistula. This analysis was carried out using both experimental (in vivo) and computational (in silico) methods. Eleven chemicals were chromatographically isolated using GC-MS/MS, which utilizes a library of NIST and Wiley 2020 versions. FTIR analysis of the extract was performed to identify the functional group of the compounds...

Irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea is a very frequent clinical condition characterized by disabling intestinal symptoms. This disease presents with daily abdominal pain for at least 3 months related to defecation and associated with a change in the frequency of bowel movements and the shape of the stool. International surveys about this disease report a global prevalence of about 1.5%. A new amino acid based electrolyte solution has recently been commercialized for oral rehydration in diarrhea. It is composed of water, electrolytes, and five selected amino acids that function as sodium co-transporters without containing glucose...

BACKGROUND: Metformin and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have demonstrated cardiovascular benefits but their comparative effects on mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) are unknown. Hence, we evaluated and compared lifetime benefits arising from metformin or SGLT2 inhibitors in T2DM patients with CVD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Studies published in the PubMed, EMBASE and CENTRAL databases before 28 October 2023 were retrieved...

Microalgae are widely exploited for numerous biotechnology applications, including biofuels. In this context, Chlamydomonas debaryana and Chlorococcum sp. were isolated from Fez freshwater (Morocco), and their growth and lipid and carbohydrate production were assessed at different concentrations of NaCl, NaNO3 , and K2 HPO4 . The results indicate a small positive variation in growth parameters linked to nutrient enrichment, with no considerable variation in carbohydrate and lipid levels in both algae. Moreover, a negative variation was recorded at increased salinity and nutrient limitation, accompanied by lipid and carbohydrate accumulation...

Alkali-activated materials (AAMs) possess several advantages, such as high strengths and low carbon emissions. However, their application is hindered due to their significant shrinkage. This study explored the effect of borax-modified sodium silicate activator and metakaolin (MK) on the mechanical properties and drying shrinkage (DS) of alkali-activated slag (AAS) and AAS/MK (AASM) mortars. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the hydration products...

Introduction  Nanoparticles, owing to their minuscule size, have become pivotal in diverse scientific endeavors, presenting unique characteristics with applications spanning medicine to environmental science. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) exhibit potential in diverse biomedical uses. Aim This research investigates the potential anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties of SeNPs, which are synthesized using the green synthesis method. This eco-friendly approach aligns with sustainable practices and utilizes clove extract ( Syzygium aromaticum )...

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by recurrent inflammatory reactions in the intestinal mucosa, including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). The expression of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) has been observed to increase during the progression of IBD. Flavokawain B (FKB), a natural chalcone with potent anti-inflammatory activity, exerts its effects through inhibition of the NF-κB pathway. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of FKB targeting TLR2 in IBD...

BACKGROUND: Sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) consistently improve heart failure and kidney-related outcomes; however, effects on major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) across different patient populations are less clear. METHODS: This was a collaborative trial-level meta-analysis from the SGLT2i meta-analysis cardio-renal trialists consortium, which includes all phase 3, placebo-controlled, outcomes trials of SGLT2i across three patient populations (diabetes at high risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease [ASCVD], heart failure [HF], or chronic kidney disease [CKD])...

Sediment siltation has been regarded as the serious challenge in sewer system, which dominantly root in the gelatinous extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) structure and cohesive ability. Considering the crucial roles of divalent cation bridging and macromolecular biopolymer winding in sediment EPS formation and adhesive behavior, an innovative combination strategy of sodium pyrophosphate (SP)-mediated divalent cation chelation and alkaline biopolymer hydrolysis was developed to degenerate sediment adhesion...

To optimize the treatment plan for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hyperuricemia, this narrative literature review summarizes the effect of antidiabetic drugs on serum uric acid (SUA) levels using data from observational studies, prospective clinical trials, post-hoc analyses and meta-analyses. SUA is an independent risk factor for T2DM, and evidence has shown that patients with both gout and T2DM exhibit a mutually interdependent effect on higher incidences. We find that insulin and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor (DPP-4i) except linagliptin could increase the SUA, and other drugs including metformin, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), linagliptin, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and α-glucosidase inhibitors have a reduction effect on SUA...

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus is often accompanied by dyslipidemia. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), have been reported to exert effects on lipid, while the results remain controversial. This study is aimed at exploring the effect of SGLT2 inhibitor canagliflozin on lipid profile. METHODS: This study was a single-center, open-label, nonrandomized, prospective study...