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Tiffany Field
This narrative review based on a literature search in PubMed and PsycInfo on the two terms prenatal and antenatal depression includes empirical studies, reviews and meta-analyses that have been published during the last 5 years on risk factors, developmental effects and interventions for prenatal depression. Risk factor studies that met criteria feature demographic measures (lower socioeconomic status, less education, non-marital status, non-employment, less social support and health locus of control, unintended pregnancy, partner violence and history of child abuse) and physiological variables (cortisol, amylase, and pro-inflammatory cytokines and intrauterine artery resistance)...
February 2017: Journal of Pregnancy and Child Health
#2
J M B Haslbeck, E I Fried
BACKGROUND: Network analyses on psychopathological data focus on the network structure and its derivatives such as node centrality. One conclusion one can draw from centrality measures is that the node with the highest centrality is likely to be the node that is determined most by its neighboring nodes. However, centrality is a relative measure: knowing that a node is highly central gives no information about the extent to which it is determined by its neighbors. Here we provide an absolute measure of determination (or controllability) of a node - its predictability...
June 19, 2017: Psychological Medicine
#3
Jamie Brenner, Zhaoxing Pan, Carla Mazefsky, Kahsi A Smith, Robin Gabriels
The objective of this study was to examine how behavioral manifestations of trauma due to abuse are expressed in youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) compared outcomes between patients with a caregiver reported history of abuse and those without. Findings indicate that patients with ASD and reported abuse (i.e. physical, sexual, and/or emotional) have more intrusive thoughts, distressing memories, loss of interest, irritability, and lethargy than those without reported maltreatment...
June 7, 2017: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
#4
K S Kendler, H Ohlsson, R S E Keefe, K Sundquist, J Sundquist
How do joint measures of premorbid cognitive ability and familial cognitive aptitude (FCA) reflect risk for a diversity of psychiatric and substance use disorders? To address this question, we examined, using Cox models, the predictive effects of school achievement (SA) measured at age 16 and FCA-assessed from SA in siblings and cousins, and educational attainment in parents-on risk for 12 major psychiatric syndromes in 1 140 608 Swedes born 1972-1990. Four developmental patterns emerged. In the first, risk was predicted jointly by low levels of SA and high levels of FCA-that is a level of SA lower than would be predicted from the FCA...
April 18, 2017: Molecular Psychiatry
#5
Andrea L Roberts, Kristen Lyall, Marc G Weisskopf
Maternal experience of childhood abuse has been associated with offspring autism. To explore whether familial tendency towards autistic traits-presumably related to genetic predisposition-accounts for this association, we examined whether women who experienced childhood abuse were more likely to select mates with high levels of autistic traits, and whether parental autistic traits accounted for the association of maternal abuse and offspring autism in 209 autism cases and 833 controls. Maternal childhood abuse was strongly associated with high paternal autistic traits (severe abuse, OR = 3...
April 9, 2017: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
#6
Jill R Crittenden, Carolyn J Lacey, Feng-Ju Weng, Catherine E Garrison, Daniel J Gibson, Yingxi Lin, Ann M Graybiel
The striatum is key for action-selection and the motivation to move. Dopamine and acetylcholine release sites are enriched in the striatum and are cross-regulated, possibly to achieve optimal behavior. Drugs of abuse, which promote abnormally high dopamine release, disrupt normal action-selection and drive restricted, repetitive behaviors (stereotypies). Stereotypies occur in a variety of disorders including obsessive-compulsive disorder, autism, schizophrenia and Huntington's disease, as well as in addictive states...
2017: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy
#7
REVIEW
Lucie P Pellissier, Jorge Gandía, Thibaut Laboute, Jérôme A J Becker, Julie Le Merrer
The endogenous opioid system is well known to relieve pain and underpin the rewarding properties of most drugs of abuse. Among opioid receptors, the μ receptor mediates most of the analgesic and rewarding properties of opioids. Based on striking similarities between social distress, physical pain and opiate withdrawal, μ receptors have been proposed to play a critical role in modulating social behaviour in humans and animals. This review summarizes experimental data demonstrating such role and proposes a novel model, the μ opioid receptor balance model, to account for the contribution of μ receptors to the subtle regulation of social behaviour...
April 3, 2017: British Journal of Pharmacology
#8
Sergei V Jargin
No abstract text is available yet for this article.
March 2017: Psychiatria Danubina
#9
Lisa Dinkler, Sebastian Lundström, Ruchika Gajwani, Paul Lichtenstein, Christopher Gillberg, Helen Minnis
BACKGROUND: Childhood maltreatment (CM) is strongly associated with psychiatric disorders in childhood and adulthood. Previous findings suggest that the association between CM and psychiatric disorders is partly causal and partly due to familial confounding, but few studies have investigated the mechanisms behind the association between CM and neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Our objective was to determine whether maltreated children have an elevated number of NDDs and whether CM is a risk factor for an increased NDD 'load' and increased NDD symptoms when controlling for familial effects...
January 17, 2017: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines
#10
REVIEW
Glenda E Gillies, Kanwar Virdee, Ilse Pienaar, Felwah Al-Zaid, Jeffrey W Dalley
Glucocorticoid hormones (GCs) released from the fetal/maternal glands during late gestation are required for normal development of mammalian organs and tissues. Accordingly, synthetic glucocorticoids have proven to be invaluable in perinatal medicine where they are widely used to accelerate fetal lung maturation when there is risk of pre-term birth and to promote infant survival. However, clinical and pre-clinical studies have demonstrated that inappropriate exposure of the developing brain to elevated levels of GCs, either as a result of clinical over-use or after stress-induced activation of the fetal/maternal adrenal cortex, is linked with significant effects on brain structure, neurological function and behaviour in later life...
December 30, 2016: Brain Sciences
#11
REVIEW
Barbara A Sorg, Sabina Berretta, Jordan M Blacktop, James W Fawcett, Hiroshi Kitagawa, Jessica C F Kwok, Marta Miquel
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are unique extracellular matrix structures that wrap around certain neurons in the CNS during development and control plasticity in the adult CNS. They appear to contribute to a wide range of diseases/disorders of the brain, are involved in recovery from spinal cord injury, and are altered during aging, learning and memory, and after exposure to drugs of abuse. Here the focus is on how a major component of PNNs, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, control plasticity, and on the role of PNNs in memory in normal aging, in a tauopathy model of Alzheimer's disease, and in drug addiction...
November 9, 2016: Journal of Neuroscience: the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
#12
REVIEW
V V Giridharan, R A Thandavarayan, G R Fries, C Walss-Bass, T Barichello, N J Justice, M K Reddy, J Quevedo
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental disorder occurring in about 2-9% of individuals after their exposure to life-threatening events, such as severe accidents, sexual abuse, combat or a natural catastrophe. Because PTSD patients are exposed to trauma, it is likely that epigenetic modifications have an important role in disease development and prognosis. For the past two decades, abnormal expression of the epigenetic regulators microRNAs (miRs) and miR-mediated gene regulation have been given importance in a variety of human diseases, such as cancer, heart disease and viral infection...
November 15, 2016: Translational Psychiatry
#13
REVIEW
Espen Ajo Arnevik, Sissel Berge Helverschou
OBJECTIVE: Patients with co-occurring autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and substance use disorder (SUD) require special attention from clinical services. Screening for this co-occurrence is not generally an integral part of routine clinical assessments, and failure to identify and understand this group of patients may contribute to a worsening of their symptoms and/or an increase in drug abuse. Thus, there is a need to review the evidence base on patients with co-occurring ASD and SUD in order to enhance clinical practice and future research...
2016: Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment
#14
Sarah Bargiela, Robyn Steward, William Mandy
We used Framework Analysis to investigate the female autism phenotype and its impact upon the under-recognition of autism spectrum conditions (ASC) in girls and women. Fourteen women with ASC (aged 22-30 years) diagnosed in late adolescence or adulthood gave in-depth accounts of: 'pretending to be normal'; of how their gender led various professionals to miss their ASC; and of conflicts between ASC and a traditional feminine identity. Experiences of sexual abuse were widespread in this sample, partially reflecting specific vulnerabilities from being a female with undiagnosed ASC...
October 2016: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
#15
Hermann A M Mucke
Among the psychedelic drugs that enjoyed a period of popularity in psychiatric research during the 1950s and 1960s, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is the most prominent one. Psychiatrists of that time had seen LSD not only as a tool for psychotherapy but also as a potential therapeutic for anxiety, depression, alcohol abuse, autism, and even schizophrenia. When it became a quasi-religious epitome of the Hippie counterculture in the mid 1960s, and cases of what we now call hallucinogen persisting perception disorder and acute psychotic "flashbacks" mounted, authorities moved to make LSD illegal...
July 8, 2016: Assay and Drug Development Technologies
#16
Jung-Min Kim, Tae-Hoon Eom
Several radiographic mimics of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) have been reported. The pseudosubarachnoid sign may be seen in patients with marked hypoxic-ischemic injury. Our case was a 12-year-old boy with a known history of autism spectrum disorder. He was submersed in water for 20 minutes, after diving into a river, and brought to our emergency department where resuscitation was performed. He achieved a return of spontaneous circulation 45 minutes after the accident but was in a coma. Brain computed tomography showed severe brain edema and loss of sulci with increased attenuation of the basal cisterns that was compatible with SAH, but was later revealed as the pseudosubarachnoid sign...
May 12, 2016: Pediatric Emergency Care
#17
S Stringer, C C Minică, K J H Verweij, H Mbarek, M Bernard, J Derringer, K R van Eijk, J D Isen, A Loukola, D F Maciejewski, E Mihailov, P J van der Most, C Sánchez-Mora, L Roos, R Sherva, R Walters, J J Ware, A Abdellaoui, T B Bigdeli, S J T Branje, S A Brown, M Bruinenberg, M Casas, T Esko, I Garcia-Martinez, S D Gordon, J M Harris, C A Hartman, A K Henders, A C Heath, I B Hickie, M Hickman, C J Hopfer, J J Hottenga, A C Huizink, D E Irons, R S Kahn, T Korhonen, H R Kranzler, K Krauter, P A C van Lier, G H Lubke, P A F Madden, R Mägi, M K McGue, S E Medland, W H J Meeus, M B Miller, G W Montgomery, M G Nivard, I M Nolte, A J Oldehinkel, Z Pausova, B Qaiser, L Quaye, J A Ramos-Quiroga, V Richarte, R J Rose, J Shin, M C Stallings, A I Stiby, T L Wall, M J Wright, H M Koot, T Paus, J K Hewitt, M Ribasés, J Kaprio, M P Boks, H Snieder, T Spector, M R Munafò, A Metspalu, J Gelernter, D I Boomsma, W G Iacono, N G Martin, N A Gillespie, E M Derks, J M Vink
Cannabis is the most widely produced and consumed illicit psychoactive substance worldwide. Occasional cannabis use can progress to frequent use, abuse and dependence with all known adverse physical, psychological and social consequences. Individual differences in cannabis initiation are heritable (40-48%). The International Cannabis Consortium was established with the aim to identify genetic risk variants of cannabis use. We conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide association data of 13 cohorts (N=32 330) and four replication samples (N=5627)...
March 29, 2016: Translational Psychiatry
#18
Keith Fluegge
OBJECTIVE: In their meta-analysis, Adeyemo et al. reported a strong association between mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and ADHD. However, less is understood about why such an association exists. METHOD: This commentary focuses on the underlying etiologies of both conditions to reveal potential toxic synergisms that could explain this association. RESULTS: Alcohol and substance abuse are recognized comorbidities in both conditions. The author of this commentary has recently been the first to propose that chronic exposure to nitrous oxide (N2O), an increasing environmental air pollutant and greenhouse gas, may contribute to the cognitive impairment seen in conditions such as ADHD and autism...
March 8, 2016: Journal of Attention Disorders
#19
F E Mohamed, E A Zaky, A Youssef, R Elhossiny, S Zahra, R Khalaf, W Youssef, A Wafiq, R Ibrahim, R Abd-Elhakim, A Obada, W S Eldin
BACKGROUND: Although there is a recommendation that toddlers be screened for Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) during their 18- and 24-month well-care child visits, diagnosis often occurs well after the child turns 4 years old. Such delayed diagnosis hinders the implementation of early intervention thus worsens the long-term prognosis of ASD. OBJECTIVE: The current community-based study in its stage I aimed at early screening of Egyptian toddlers for ASD using an Arabic validated version of Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT)...
April 2016: European Psychiatry: the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists
#20
Ashley E Nordsletten, Henrik Larsson, James J Crowley, Catarina Almqvist, Paul Lichtenstein, David Mataix-Cols
IMPORTANCE: Psychiatric disorders are heritable, polygenic traits, which often share risk alleles and for which nonrandom mating has been suggested. However, despite the potential etiological implications, the scale of nonrandom mating within and across major psychiatric conditions remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To quantify the nature and extent of nonrandom mating within and across a broad range of psychiatric conditions at the population level. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Population-based cohort using Swedish population registers...
April 2016: JAMA Psychiatry
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