PET cancer

Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-directed PET imaging has rapidly transformed prostate cancer workup over the past decade and paved the way for a theranostic approach using 177Lu-labelled PSMA radioligand therapy. This review gives an overview of the underlying principles behind PSMA as a target; the current use of PSMA PET in prostate cancer imaging and benefits compared to conventional imaging; and therapeutic applications including optimisation of patient selection. It also explores the evidence base of PSMA PET for other indications not in routine clinical use and the future of PSMA-directed radioligand therapy...

Objectives : Radiomics and machine learning are innovative approaches to improve the clinical management of NSCLC. However, there is less information about the additive value of FDG PET-based radiomics compared with clinical and imaging variables. Methods : This retrospective study included 320 NSCLC patients who underwent PET/CT with FDG at initial staging. VOIs were placed on primary tumors only. We included a total of 94 variables, including 87 textural features extracted from PET studies, SUVmax, MTV, TLG, TNM stage, histology, age, and gender...

Richter transformation is a rare phenomenon characterized by the transformation of cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) into a more aggressive lymphoma variant. The early identification of CLLs with a high risk of RT is fundamental. In this field, 2-deoxy-2-[18 F]-fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (2-[18 F]FDG PET/CT) has been shown to be a non-invasive and promising tool, but apparently, unclear data seem to be present in the literature. This systematic review and bivariate meta-analysis aimed to investigate the diagnostic performance of 2-[18 F]FDG PET/CT and its parameters in predicting RT...

Widespread adoption of mpMRI has led to a decrease in the number of patients requiring prostate biopsies. 68 Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT has demonstrated added benefits in identifying csPCa. Integrating the use of these imaging techniques may hold promise for predicting the presence of csPCa without invasive biopsy. A retrospective analysis of 42 consecutive patients who underwent mpMRI, 68 Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT, prostatic biopsy, and radical prostatectomy (RP) was carried out. A lesion-based model ( n = 122) using prostatectomy histopathology as reference standard was used to analyze the accuracy of 68 Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT, mpMRI alone, and both in combination to identify ISUP-grade group ≥ 2 lesions...

The utilization of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy to target cluster of differentiation (CD)19 in cancer immunotherapy has been a recent and significant advancement. Although this approach is highly specific and selective, it is not without complications. Therefore, a systematic review was conducted to assess the current state of positron emission tomography (PET) in evaluating the adverse effects induced by CAR T-cell therapy. A thorough search of relevant articles was performed in databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science up until March 2024...

Gliomas represent the most commonly occurring tumors in the central nervous system and account for approximately 80% of all malignant primary brain tumors. With a high malignancy and recurrence risk, the prognosis of high-grade gliomas is poor, with a mean survival time of 12-18 months. While contrast-enhanced MRI serves as the standard diagnostic imaging modality for gliomas, it faces limitations in the evaluation of recurrent gliomas, failing to distinguish between treatment-related changes and tumor progression, and offers no direct therapeutic options...

In this systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA-compliant), we tried to investigate diagnostic and prognostic values of 18 F-FDG PET in uveal melanoma. A systematic search was conducted on the main medical literature databases to include studies that evaluated 18 F-FDG PET as the imaging modality to evaluate patients with uveal melanoma. Overall, 27 studies were included. Twelve had data about the detection rate of 18 F-FDG PET in primary intra-ocular tumours. The pooled sensitivity was 45% (95%CI: 41-50%)...

In the last decades, the development of PET/CT radiopharmaceuticals, targeting the Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA), changed the management of prostate cancer (PCa) patients thanks to its higher diagnostic accuracy in comparison with conventional imaging both in staging and in recurrence. Alongside molecular imaging, PSMA was studied as a therapeutic agent targeted with various isotopes. In 2021, results from the VISION trial led to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of [177 Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 as a novel therapy for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) and set the basis for a radical change in the future perspectives of PCa treatment and the history of Nuclear Medicine...

OBJECTIVES: 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT has been widely used for the differential diagnosis of cancer. Semi-quantitative standardized uptake value (SUV) is known to be affected by multiple factors and may make it difficult to differentiate between benign and malignant lesions. It is crucial to find reliable quantitative metabolic parameters to further support the diagnosis. This study aims to evaluate the value of the quantitative metabolic parameters derived from dynamic FDG PET/CT in the differential diagnosis of lung cancer and predicting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation status...

PURPOSE: ATG-101, a bispecific antibody that simultaneously targets the immune checkpoint PD-L1 and the costimulatory receptor 4-1BB, activates exhausted T cells upon PD-L1 crosslinking. Previous studies demonstrated promising anti-tumour efficacy of ATG-101 in preclinical models. Here, we labelled ATG-101 with 89 Zr to confirm its tumour targeting effect and tissue biodistribution in a preclinical model. We also evaluated the use of immuno-PET to study tumour uptake of ATG-101 in vivo...

BACKGROUND: In a subset of patients with oligorecurrent prostate cancer (PCa), salvage surgery with prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) radioguided surgery (PSMA-RGS) seems to be of value. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether a lower level of postoperative prostate-specific antigen (PSA; <0.1 ng/ml) is predictive of therapy-free survival (TFS) following salvage PSMA-RGS. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cohort study evaluated patients with biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy and oligorecurrent PCa on PSMA positron emission tomography treated with PSMA-RGS in three tertiary care centers (2014-2022)...

Up to 80% of biliary tract cancer (BTC) patients relapse within 3 years after surgery and the efficacy of second-line treatment remains dismal for patients who progressed on gemcitabine and cisplatin chemotherapy. Median overall survival of patients with palliative chemotherapy is less than 1 year. The feasibility and safety of targeted therapies plus immunotherapies remain scanty currently, and patients with recurrent or advanced BTCs often experience a rapid decline in Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status...

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer patients, undergo imaging procedures, with [68 Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT (prostate-specific membrane antigen based positron emission tomography/computed tomography) utilized for primary and secondary staging. PSMA thyroid incidentalomas (PTI) are discovered in the thyroid gland while imaging prostate cancer patients with [68 Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT. AIMS: The aim of the study was to determine the clinical significance of PTIs detected on [68 Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT...

PURPOSE: To identify the biodistribution and diagnostic performance of a novel fibroblast activation protein (FAP) targeted positron emission tomography (PET) tracer, [68 Ga]Ga-DOTA-GPFAPI-04, in patients with solid tumors in a head-to-head comparison with [18 F]F-FDG. METHODS: Twenty-six patients histologically proven with cancers of nasopharyngeal (n = 5), esophagus (n = 5), gastro-esophagus (n = 1), stomach (n = 7), liver (n = 3), and colorectum (n = 5) were recruited for [68 Ga]Ga-DOTA-GPFAPI-04 and [18 F]F-FDG PET/CT scans on consecutive days...

Background: Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States despite declining incidence and improved outcomes because of advancements in early detection and development of novel therapies. Accurate mediastinal lymph node staging is crucial for determining prognosis and guiding treatment decisions, particularly for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Materials and Methods: A systematic search of PubMed was conducted to identify English language articles published between January 2010 and January 2024 focusing on preoperative lymph node staging in adults with NSCLC...

Case reports of plexopathy after prostate cancer are usually neoplastic. Radiation-induced lumbosacral plexopathy and insufficiency fractures have clinical significance due to the need to differentiate them from tumoral invasions, metastases, and spinal pathologies. Certain nuances, including clinical presentation and screening methods, help distinguish radiation-induced plexopathy from tumoral plexopathy. This case report highlights the coexistence of these two rare clinical conditions. Herein, we present a 78-year-old male with a history of radiotherapy for prostate cancer who developed right foot drop, severe lower back and right groin pain, difficulty in standing up and walking, and tingling in both legs over the past month during remission...

OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to evaluate the frequency of incidental suspicious lesions detected by flourine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) scans done for staging or restaging in adult cancer patients. We further determined the detection rate of synchronous and metachronous malignancies in these suspicious lesions after further investigations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective analysis evaluated the consecutive patients with 18F-FDG PET/CT scans done in Queen Elizabeth Hospital (QEH), Hong Kong between July 2021 and June 2022...

Aim: The main aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18 FDG) positron emission tomography/computerized tomography (PET/CT) parameters in predicting the Kristen rat sarcoma viral oncogene( KRAS ) mutation status of patients with colon cancer. Materials and Methods: Between April 2013 and December 2020, 79 patients who were diagnosed with colon cancer by colonoscopy underwent staging 18 FDG PET/CT with this diagnosis and met all the inclusion criteria were included in this study...

BACKGROUND: Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) remains uniformly lethal. Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a transmembrane glycoprotein overexpressed in prostate cancer. 131I-PSMA-1095 (also known as 131I-MIP-1095) is a PSMA-targeted radioligand which selectively delivers therapeutic radiation to cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment. METHODS: We conducted a single-arm, phase 2 trial to assess efficacy and tolerability of 131I-PSMA-1095 in mCRPC patients who had exhausted all lines of approved therapy...

Due to the complex heterogeneity in different cancer types, the heterodimeric strategy has been intensively practiced to improve the effectiveness of tumor diagnostics. In this study, we developed a series of novel 18 F-labeled biotin/FAPI-conjugated heterobivalent radioligands ([18 F]AlF-NSFB, [18 F]AlF-NSFBP2 , and [18 F]AlF-NSFBP4 ), synergistically targeting both fibroblast activation protein (FAP) and biotin receptor (BR), to enhance specific tumor uptake and retention. The in vitro and in vivo biological properties of these dual-targeting tracers were evaluated, with a particular focus on positron emission tomography imaging in A549 and HT1080-FAP tumor-bearing mice...