keyword
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38462255/the-physiology-and-pharmacology-of-oxytocin-in-labor-and-in-the-peripartum-period
#1
REVIEW
Kerstin Uvnäs-Moberg
Oxytocin is a reproductive hormone implicated in the process of parturition and widely used during labor. Oxytocin is produced within the supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary lobe into the circulation. Oxytocin is released in pulses with increasing frequency and amplitude in the first and second stages of labor, with a few pulses released in the third stage of labor. During labor, the fetus exerts pressure on the cervix of the uterus, which activates a feedforward reflex-the Ferguson reflex-which releases oxytocin...
March 2024: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38436980/mini-puberty-physiological-and-disordered-consequences-and-potential-for-therapeutic-replacement
#2
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Julia Rohayem, Emma C Alexander, Sabine Heger, Anna Nordenström, Sasha R Howard
There are 3 physiological waves of central hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis activity over the lifetime. The first occurs during fetal life, the second-termed "mini-puberty"-in the first months after birth, and the third at puberty. After adolescence, the axis remains active all through adulthood. Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by a deficiency in hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion or action. In cases of severe CHH, all 3 waves of GnRH pulsatility are absent...
March 4, 2024: Endocrine Reviews
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38422116/hormonebayes-a-novel-bayesian-framework-for-the-analysis-of-pulsatile-hormone-dynamics
#3
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Margaritis Voliotis, Ali Abbara, Julia K Prague, Johannes D Veldhuis, Waljit S Dhillo, Krasimira Tsaneva-Atanasova
The hypothalamus is the central regulator of reproductive hormone secretion. Pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is fundamental to physiological stimulation of the pituitary gland to release luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Furthermore, GnRH pulsatility is altered in common reproductive disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and hypothalamic amenorrhea (HA). LH is measured routinely in clinical practice using an automated chemiluminescent immunoassay method and is the gold standard surrogate marker of GnRH...
February 29, 2024: PLoS Computational Biology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38403894/development-and-prenatal-exposure-to-androgens-alter-potassium-currents-in-gonadotropin-releasing-hormone-neurons-from-female-mice
#4
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Jennifer Jaime, R Anthony DeFazio, Suzanne M Moenter
Pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release is critical for reproduction. Disruptions to GnRH secretion patterns may contribute to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Prenatally androgenized (PNA) female mice recapitulate many neuroendocrine abnormalities observed in PCOS patients. PNA and development induce changes in spontaneous GnRH neuron firing rate, response to synaptic input, and the afterhyperpolarization potential of the action potential. We hypothesized potassium currents are altered by PNA treatment and/or development...
February 25, 2024: Journal of Neuroendocrinology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38279940/long-term-recordings-of-arcuate-nucleus-kisspeptin-neurons-across-the-mouse-estrous-cycle
#5
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Szilvia Vas, Ellen Wall, Ziyue Zhou, Lajos Kalmar, Su Young Han, Allan E Herbison
The arcuate nucleus kisspeptin (ARNKISS) neurons represent the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse generator that likely drives pulsatile gonadotropin secretion in all mammals. Using an improved GCaMP fiber photometry system enabling long-term continuous recordings, we aimed here to establish a definitive profile of ARNKISS neuronal activity across the murine estrous cycle. As noted previously, a very substantial reduction in the frequency of ARNKISS neuron synchronization events (SEs) occurs on late proestrus and extends into estrus...
January 27, 2024: Endocrinology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38170643/kndy-neurons-of-the-hypothalamus-and-their-role-in-gnrh-pulse-generation-an-update
#6
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Aleisha M Moore, Alyssa G Novak, Michael N Lehman
There is considerable evidence that synchronized activity within a reciprocally connected population of cells in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) co-expressing kisspeptin, neurokinin B (NKB) and dynorphin (KNDy cells) is crucial for the generation of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulses in mammals. The initial "KNDy hypothesis" proposed that pulsatile GnRH secretion is elicited by episodic kisspeptin release from KNDy cells following synchronized activation and termination of the population by NKB and dynorphin, respectively...
January 3, 2024: Endocrinology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38126277/crispr-cas9-knockdown-of-esr1-in-preoptic-gaba-kisspeptin-neurons-suppresses-the-preovulatory-surge-and-estrous-cycles-in-female-mice
#7
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Jenny Clarkson, Siew Hoong Yip, Robert Porteous, Alexia Kauff, Alison K Heather, Allan E Herbison
Evidence suggests that estradiol-sensing preoptic area GABA neurons are involved in the preovulatory surge mechanism necessary for ovulation. In vivo CRISPR-Cas9 editing was used to achieve a 60-70% knockdown in estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) expression by GABA neurons located within the regions of the rostral periventricular area of the third ventricle (RP3V) and medial preoptic nuclei (MPN) in adult female mice. Mice exhibited variable reproductive phenotypes with the only significant finding being mice with bilateral ESR1 deletion in RP3V GABA neurons having reduced cFos expression in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons at the time of the surge...
December 21, 2023: ELife
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38085702/new-methods-to-investigate-the-gnrh-pulse-generator
#8
REVIEW
Deyana Ivanova, Kevin T O'Byrne
The exact neural construct underlying the dynamic secretion of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) has only recently been identified despite the detection of multiunit electrical activity volleys associated with pulsatile luteinising hormone (LH) secretion four decades ago. Since the discovery of kisspeptin/neurokinin B/dynorphin neurons in the mammalian hypothalamus, there has been much research into the role of this neuronal network in controlling the oscillatory secretion of gonadotrophin hormones. In this review, we provide an update of the progressive application of cutting-edge techniques combined with mathematical modelling by the neuroendocrine community, which are transforming the functional investigation of the GnRH pulse generator...
February 1, 2024: Journal of Molecular Endocrinology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38083379/characterizing-alterations-in-cortisol-secretion-during-cardiac-surgery
#9
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Vidya Raju, Ben Gibbison, Elizabeth B Klerman, Rose T Faghih
Cortisol is a neuroendocrine hormone of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis secreted from adrenal glands in response to stimulation by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary and corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus. Cortisol has multiple functionalities in maintaining bodily homeostasis - including anti-inflammatory influences - through its diurnal secretion pattern (which has been studied extensively); its secretion is also increased in response to major traumatic events such as surgery...
July 2023: Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38062345/neuroendocrine-disturbances-in-women-with-functional-hypothalamic-amenorrhea-an-update-and-future-directions
#10
REVIEW
Męczekalski Błażej, Niwczyk Olga, Battipaglia Christian, Troia Libera, Kostrzak Anna, Bala Gregory, Maciejewska-Jeske Marzena, Alessandro D Genazzani, Luisi Stefano
Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) is one of the most common causes of both primary and secondary amenorrhea in women of reproductive age. It is characterized by chronic anovulation and the absence of menses that appear as a result of stressors such as eating disorders, excessive exercise, or psychological distress. FHA is presumed to be a functional disruption in the pulsatile secretion of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone, which in turn impairs the release of gonadotropin. Hypoestrogenism is observed due to the absence of ovarian follicle recruitment...
December 7, 2023: Endocrine
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37977226/quantifying-the-variability-in-the-assessment-of-reproductive-hormone-levels
#11
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Ali Abbara, Sophie Adams, Maria Phylactou, Chioma Izzi-Engbeaya, Edouard G Mills, Layla Thurston, Kanyada Koysombat, Simon Hanassab, Thomas Heinis, Tricia M-M Tan, Krasimira Tsaneva-Atanasova, Alexander N Comninos, Margaritis Voliotis, Waljit S Dhillo
OBJECTIVE: To quantify how representative a single measure of reproductive hormone is of the daily hormonal profile using data from detailed hormonal sampling in the saline placebo-treated arm conducted over several hours. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of data from previous interventional research studies evaluating reproductive hormones. SUBJECTS: Overall, 266 individuals including healthy men and women (n=142), and those with reproductive disorders/states (n=124) [11 with functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea (FHA), 6 with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), 62 women and 32 men with hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD), and 13 post-menopausal women] were included in the analysis...
November 15, 2023: Fertility and Sterility
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37936337/mechanism-of-arcuate-kisspeptin-neuron-synchronization-in-acute-brain-slices-from-female-mice
#12
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Paul G Morris, Allan E Herbison
The mechanism by which arcuate kisspeptin (ARNKISS) neurons co-expressing glutamate, neurokinin B, and dynorphin intermittently synchronize their activity to drive pulsatile hormone secretion remains unclear in females. In order to study spontaneous synchronization within the ARNKISS neuron network, acute brain slices were prepared from adult female Kiss1-GCaMP6 mice. Analysis of both spontaneous synchronizations and those driven by high frequency stimulation of individual ARNKISS neurons revealed that the network exhibits semi-random emergent excitation dependent upon glutamate signaling through AMPA receptors...
November 4, 2023: Endocrinology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37934802/thyroid-stimulating-hormone-pulses-finely-tune-thyroid-hormone-release-and-tsh-receptor-transduction
#13
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Anne Guillou, Yasmine Kemkem, Chrystel Lafont, Pierre Fontanaud, Davide Calebiro, Pauline Campos, Xavier Bonnefont, Tatiana Fiordelisio-Coll, Ying Wang, Emilie Brûlé, Daniel J Bernard, Paul Le Tissier, Frederik Steyn, Patrice Mollard
Detection of circulating thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is a first-line test of thyroid dysfunction, a major health problem (affecting about 5% of the population) that, if untreated, can lead to a significant deterioration of quality of life and adverse effects on multiple organ systems. Human TSH levels display both pulsatile and (non-pulsatile) basal TSH secretion patterns; however, the importance of these in regulating thyroid function and their decoding by the thyroid is unknown. Here, we developed a novel ultra-sensitive ELISA that allows precise detection of TSH secretion patterns with minute resolution in mouse models of health and disease...
November 2, 2023: Endocrinology
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37859903/effects-of-type-1-diabetes-mellitus-on-linear-growth-a-comprehensive-review
#14
REVIEW
Indrayani Jadhav, Swarupa Chakole
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has a significant effect on the growth of children. The disease has a negative effect on growth when considered in relation to the time period and metabolic control. Studies in this review have suggested debilitated growth in children with T1DM and have a few anomalies in the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) axis when compared to fit children. Some studies show that children with T1DM were taller before the onset of the disease and during early diagnosis...
September 2023: Curēus
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37661145/functional-hypothalamic-amenorrhea-recognition-and-management-of-a-challenging-diagnosis
#15
REVIEW
Mariam Saadedine, Ekta Kapoor, Chrisandra Shufelt
Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea is responsible for approximately a third of the cases of secondary amenorrhea. The condition is a result of disturbances in gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulsatile secretion at the level of the hypothalamus, which in turn disrupts gonadotropin secretion. It is due to psychosocial stress, disordered eating, and/or excessive exercise. Often, however, it is a combination of more than one etiology, with a possible role for genetic or epigenetic predisposition. The dysfunctional gonadotropin-releasing hormone release leads to the cessation of ovarian function, resulting in amenorrhea, infertility, and a long-term impact on affected women's bone health, cardiovascular risk, cognition, and mental health...
September 2023: Mayo Clinic Proceedings
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37580916/physiologic-hormone-administration-improves-hba1c-in-native-americans-with-type-2-diabetes-a-retrospective-study-and-review-of-insulin-secretion-and-action
#16
REVIEW
Candida J Rebello, Tyler S Morales, Katsya Chuon, Shu Dong, V Tyrone Lam, Dan Purner, Stanley Lewis, Jonathan Lakey, Robbie A Beyl, Frank L Greenway
Insulin is secreted in pulses from pancreatic beta-cells, and these oscillations maintain fasting plasma glucose levels within a narrow normal range. Within islets, beta-cells exhibit tight synchronization of regular oscillations. This control circuit is disrupted in type 2 diabetes, and irregularities in pulse frequency and amplitude occur. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is three times higher in American Indian and Native Alaskans compared to Whites, and their genetic ancestry is associated with low beta-cell function...
August 14, 2023: Obesity Reviews
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37536982/gonadal-feedback-alters-the-relationship-between-action-potentials-and-hormone-release-in-gonadotropin-releasing-hormone-gnrh-neurons-in-male-mice
#17
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Xi Chen, Suzanne M Moenter
In vertebrates, the pulsatile release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from neurons in the hypothalamus triggers secretion of anterior pituitary gonadotropins, which activate steroidogenesis, and steroids in turn exert typically homeostatic negative feedback on GnRH release. Although long-term episodic firing patterns of GnRH neurons in brain slices resemble the pulsatile release of GnRH and LH in vivo, neither the relationship between GnRH neuron firing and release nor if this relationship is influenced by gonadal feedback are known...
August 3, 2023: Journal of Neuroscience
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37533378/diagnosis-and-management-of-thyroid-disorders-and-thyroid-hormone-supplementation-in-adult-horses-and-foals
#18
REVIEW
François-René Bertin, Nicholas Frank, Babetta A Breuhaus, Harold C Schott, Janice E Kritchevsky
Equine thyroid disorders pose a diagnostic challenge in clinical practice because of the effects of nonthyroidal factors on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, and the horse's ability to tolerate wide fluctuations in thyroid hormone concentrations and survive without a thyroid gland. While benign thyroid tumours are common in older horses, other disorders like primary hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism in adult horses and congenital hypothyroidism in foals are rare. There is a common misunderstanding regarding hypothyroidism in adult horses, especially when associated with the clinical profile of obesity, lethargy, and poor performance observed in dogs and humans...
August 3, 2023: Equine Veterinary Journal
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37492901/the-role-of-gnrh-in-tibetan-male-sheep-and-goat-reproduction
#19
REVIEW
Wangsheng Zhao, Michael Adjei, Zhenzhen Zhang, Zhenjie Yuan, Zhuoma Cisang, Tianzeng Song
The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis connects the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonads. The regulation of reproductive processes includes integrating various factors from structural functions and environmental conditions in the HPG axis, with the outcome indication of these processes being the pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus. These factors include feed consumption and nutritional condition, sex steroids, season/photoperiod, pheromones, age, and stress...
July 26, 2023: Reproduction in Domestic Animals
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37467734/the-emerging-therapeutic-potential-of-kisspeptin-and-neurokinin-b
#20
REVIEW
Bijal Patel, Kanyada Koysombat, Edouard G Mills, Jovanna Tsoutsouki, Alexander N Comninos, Ali Abbara, Waljit S Dhillo
Kisspeptin (KP) and neurokinin B (NKB) are neuropeptides that govern the reproductive endocrine axis through regulating hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal activity and pulsatile GnRH secretion. Their critical role in reproductive health was first identified after inactivating variants in genes encoding for KP or NKB signaling were shown to result in congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and a failure of pubertal development. Over the past 2 decades since their discovery, a wealth of evidence from both basic and translational research has laid the foundation for potential therapeutic applications...
January 4, 2024: Endocrine Reviews
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