Entrapment

Endophthalmitis, an inflammation of the eye due to perioperative infection, may occur after cataract surgery. Intraocular lenses (IOLs) loaded with an antibiotic have been proposed as an alternative to the conventional postoperative endophthalmitis prophylaxis, since the antibiotic is delivered directly to the target site. In this work, an IOL-based antibiotic releasing system was prepared from a copolymer used in the production of IOLs and a fluoroquinolone used in endophthalmitis prophylaxis (moxifloxacin, MFX)...

Fast dissolving nanofiber (NF) composed of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) was developed for locoregional delivery of phloretin to oral cancers. PVA/TPGS/phloretin NF with 321nm mean diameter and >90% drug entrapment efficiency was fabricated by an electrospinning method. Transformation of drug from crystalline to amorphous state was identified by solid-state studies. NF structure was changed to nanoparticles after its dispersing in the aqueous medium. PVA/TPGS/phloretin NF exhibited fast wetting property and smaller hydrodynamic size of dispersion, compared with PVA/phloretin NF...

We investigated the extent of potential applicability of our recently developed method for preparing lipid vesicles [T. Kuroiwa et al., J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 93 (2016) 421], designated as the multiple emulsification-solvent evaporation method, with the intention of controlling the vesicle diameter and achieving high entrapment efficiency for water-soluble compounds. Using this method, the diameter of lipid vesicles could be varied by selecting the methods for preparing the primary water-in-oil emulsion, which contained water droplets as templates for the internal water phases of lipid vesicles...

Approximately one-third of individuals in the United States experience unsatisfactory bowel habits, and dietary intake, especially one low in fiber, could be partly responsible. We hypothesized that intake of a fermentable fiber (starch-entrapped microspheres, SM) that has a delayed, slow fermentation profile in vitro would improve bowel habit while exhibiting prebiotic capacity in those with self-described unsatisfactory bowel habits, all with minimal adverse effects. A total of 43 healthy volunteers completed a 3-month, double-blind, parallel-arm randomized clinical trial to assess the ability of a daily dose (9 or 12 g) of SM vs psyllium (12 g) to improve bowel habit, including stool consistency and frequency, and modify gut milieu through changes in stool microbiota and short-chain fatty acids while remaining tolerable through minimal gastrointestinal symptoms...

V-type starch carriers with different single helix contents were prepared using alcoholic-alkaline treatment followed by ethanol precipitation. Ethylene gas was entrapped into V-type starch carriers using a solid encapsulation method. The morphological and structural properties of inclusion complexes (ICs) were characterized using scanning electron and light microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, (13)C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Raman spectroscopy. Aqueous ethanol treatment resulted in swelling and aggregation of starch granules, and B-type diffraction reflections were either reduced or completely lost with evolution of V-type pattern...

Chitosan biocompatibility and mucoadhesiveness make it an ideal polymer for antituberculotic drugs microcapsulation for pulmonary delivery. Yet, previous study indicated toxicity problems to J-774.1-cells treated with some medium molecular weight (190-310kDa) chitosan microparticles. As polymer molecular weight is a crucial factor to be considered, this paper describes the preparation and characterization of chitosan (50-190kDa) microparticles containing isoniazid (INH). Cytotoxicity assays were also performed on murine peritoneal (J-774...

To overcome barriers for oral delivery of insulin, the chitosan(CS)-based nanocarriers with a novel cell penetrating peptide (SAR6EW) have been prepared and evaluated in this study. Characterization measurements showed that SAR6EW/CS/insulin-NPs displayed global particles with smooth surfaces and an average diameter about 150nm. The entrapment efficiency and loading rates of insulin were 75.36% and 7.58%, respectively. Insulin could be released constantly from SAR6EW/CS/insulin-NPs in vitro. Furthermore, SAR6EW/CS/insulin-NPs could facilitate the uptake of insulin and induce a significantly higher internalization of insulin via adding clathrin and caveolae mediated endocytosis...

We report a unique self-assembly of lentinan, a triple helical β-(1→3)-glucan (t-LNT), in water. By molecular dynamics simulation, it was found that t-LNT aggregated preferentially along the chain direction to form long chains, accompanied by side-direction linkage to form branches. Transmission electron microscopy images demonstrated that t-LNT formed dendrite-like fibers, which further formed fishnet-like porous/mesoporous aggregates with increasing concentration. The meshes in the fishnet were ascribed to the intersection of branches...

We report the synthesis and characterization of antifouling zwitterion carboxybetaine acrylamide (CBAA)-modified dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles (Au DENPs) for enhanced CT imaging applications. The CBAA-modified nanodevice displays a better protein resistance property, less macrophage cellular uptake and liver accumulation, and longer blood half-delay time than the PEGylated counterpart material, thereby enabling enhanced blood pool, lymph node, and tumor CT imaging.

The strong immunogenicity induction is the powerful weapon to prevent the virus infections. This study demonstrated that one-step synthesis of DNA polyplex vaccine in microneedle (MN) patches can induce high immunogenicity through intradermal vaccination and increase the vaccine stability for storage outside the cold chain. More negative charged DNA vaccine was entrapped into the needle region of MNs followed by DNA polyplex formation with branched polyethylenimine (bPEI) pre-coated in the cavities of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) molds that can deliver more DNA vaccine to immune-cell rich epidermis with high transfection efficiency...

We report 2 primary renal sarcomas demonstrating BCOR-CCNB3 gene fusions that have recently been identified in undifferentiated round cell sarcomas of bone and soft tissue. These neoplasms occurred in male children aged 11 and 12 years, and both were cystic as a result of entrapment and dilatation of native renal tubules. Both cases were composed of variably cellular bland spindle cells with fine chromatin set in myxoid stroma and separated by a branching capillary vasculature. Both neoplasms demonstrated immunoreactivity for BCOR, cyclin D1, TLE1, and SATB2 in the spindle neoplastic cells and negativity in the prominent capillary vasculature...

Isolating small objects, such as particles, cells, and molecules, in individual aqueous droplets is useful for chemical and biological assays. We have developed a simple microfluidic platform to immobilize (park) microparticles at defined locations, and isolate particles in monodisperse droplets surrounded by immiscible oil. While conventional methods can only achieve stochastic encapsulation of objects within larger droplets, our in situ method ensures that a single particle is entrapped in a similar-sized droplet, with ∼95% yield for parking and isolation...

BACKGROUND: Effectiveness of the whole-cell pertussis vaccine is apparent, but improvement in the quality of the vaccine is necessary to achieve strong immunogenicity with a low bacterial number content. METHODS: The inactivated Bordetella pertussis (B. pertussis) cells entrapped microspheres were prepared via an emulsification method and analyzed for morphology, size, size distribution, loading efficiency, loading capacity, release kinetic, in vivo cytokines and antigen specific antibody subclasses...

AIM: A high versatile microfluidic platform is proposed to design, in a one-step strategy, PEGylated crosslinked hyaluronic acid nanoparticles (cHANPs) entrapping a magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent and a dye for multimodal imaging applications. MATERIALS & METHODS: Clinically relevant biomaterials were shaped in the form of spherical NPs through a microfluidic flow focusing approach. A comparison between post processing and simultaneous PEGylation is reported to evaluate the potentiality of the chemical decoration of the cHANPs in microfluidics...

AIM: Although there has been an improvement in the hardware and software of the PET/MRI system, the development of the nanoprobes exploiting the simultaneous acquisition of the bimodal data is still under investigation. Moreover, few studies on biocompatible and clinically relevant probes are available. This work presents a core-shell polymeric nanocarrier with improved relaxometric properties for simultaneous PET/MRI acquisitions. MATERIALS & METHODS: Core-shell nanoparticles entrapping the Gd-DTPA and (18)F-FDG are obtained by a complex coacervation...

This study aimed to coat lipid-based-nanocarriers with chitosan to encapsulate nutraceuticals, minimize opsonization and facilitate passive-targeting. Phase-one was concerned with standardization according to WHO. Qualitative-analysis using LC-HRMS/MS investigated the active-constituents especially reported cytotoxic-agents. Cinnamaldehyde and rosmarinic acid was selected to be quantified using HPLC. Phase-two was aimed to encapsulate both extracts in solid lipid nanoparticles (core) and chitosan (shell) to gain the advantages of both materials properties...

Beef safety may be compromised by O157 and non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) contamination. The capacity of surfactant micelles loaded with the plant-derived antimicrobial eugenol to reduce STEC on beef trimmings that were later ground and refrigerated for five days at 5 ± 1 °C was tested to determine their utility for beef safety protection. STEC-inoculated trimmings were treated with free eugenol, micelle-encapsulated eugenol, 2% lactic acid (55 °C), sterile distilled water (25 °C), or left untreated (control)...

In the present study, an effort was made to design poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) acid nanoparticles of aceclofenac by direct precipitation method. The nanoparticles were found to have adequate particle size range for ocular administration of 162.6 to 244.13 nm with nearly spherical shape and with zeta potential of - 21.5 to - 25.5 mV. Drug entrapment efficiency of nanoparticle formulations ranged from 42.9 to 92.68%. Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) studies depicted that the drug incorporated in nanoparticles was found to be in amorphous state...

Peripheral immunity plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis and conferring crucial neuroprotective effects on the injured nervous system, while at the same time may contribute to increased vulnerability to neuropathic pain. Little is known about the reciprocal relationship between entrapment neuropathy and peripheral immunity. This study investigated immune profile in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), the most prevalent entrapment neuropathy. All patients exhibited neurophysiological abnormalities in the median nerve, with the majority reporting neuropathic pain symptoms...

3D object temporal trackers estimate the 3D rotation and 3D translation of a rigid object by propagating the transformation from one frame to the next. To confront this task, algorithms either learn the transformation between two consecutive frames or optimize an energy function to align the object to the scene. The motivation behind our approach stems from a consideration on the nature of learners and optimizers. Throughout the evaluation of different types of objects and working conditions, we observe their complementary nature-on one hand, learners are more robust when undergoing challenging scenarios, while optimizers are prone to tracking failures due to the entrapment at local minima; on the other, optimizers can converge to a better accuracy and minimize jitter...