Smallpox

Generating an infectious non-human primate (NHP) model using a prevalent monkeypox virus (MPXV) strain has emerged as a crucial strategy for assessing the efficacy of vaccines and antiviral drugs against human MPXV infection. Here, we established an animal model by infecting cynomolgus macaques with the prevalent MPXV strain, WIBP-MPXV-001, and simulating its natural routes of infection. A comprehensive analysis and evaluation were conducted on three animals, including monitoring clinical symptoms, collecting hematology data, measuring viral loads, evaluating cellular and humoral immune responses, and examining histopathology...

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Due to the start of the monkeypox epidemic in 2022, we retrospectively analyzed the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) reported in France after monkeypox vaccinations with the third-generation smallpox vaccine. Ninety-eight cases, representing 172 ADRs, were reported. ADRs were mostly expected reactogenicity reactions occurring within days after the first dose of vaccine and having a quick favorable outcome. Unexpected facial palsy and vaccination failure are discussed.

In the recent mpox outbreak, people living with HIV (PLWH) were at high risk both for contracting infection and for suffering a more severe disease course. We studied cellular and humoral immune responses elicited by mpox infection (n = 5; n = 3 PLWH) or smallpox vaccination (n = 17; all PLWH) in a cohort of men who have sex with men. All PLWH were successfully treated, with stable CD4 counts and undetectable HIV viral loads. 11/17 vaccinated individuals had received childhood smallpox vaccination...

Certification is an essential stage in disease eradication efforts, encompassing epidemiological, managerial, and political complexities. The certification of smallpox eradication in the People's Republic of China (PRC, or China) exemplifies the multifaceted nature of the certification. Despite eradicating smallpox in the early 1960s, before the Global Smallpox Eradication Programme (SEP) intensified in 1967, China was one of the last countries certified as smallpox-free by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1979...

Human monkeypox, caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), is an emerging infectious disease with the potential for human-to-human transmission and diverse clinical presentations. While generally considered milder than smallpox, it can lead to severe cardiovascular complications. The virus primarily spreads through contact with infected animals or through human-to-human transmission. Cardiovascular involvement in human monkeypox is rare but has been associated with myocarditis, pericarditis, arrhythmias, and even fulminant myocardial infarction...

Brazil ranked third in the number of Monkeypox infected worldwide in early September 2022 and eighth in multiple deaths. Brazilian Ministry of Health prepared a public policy to face the smallpox outbreak. This paper aims to analyze the governmental public policy' impacts on Monkeypox using survival analysis. The information in the database was collected from epidemiological bulletins on the official websites of the Brazilian Ministry of Health and the World Health Organization (WHO). The survival analysis with parametric statistical analysis, semiparametric with Cox regression, and nonparametric analysis were used...

In the spring of 2022, an epidemic due to human monkeypox virus (MPXV) of unprecedented magnitude spread across all continents. Although this event was surprising in its suddenness, the resurgence of a virus from the Poxviridae family is not surprising in a world population that has been largely naïve to these viruses since the eradication of the smallpox virus in 1980 and the concomitant cessation of vaccination. Since then, a vaccine and two antiviral compounds have been developed to combat a possible return of smallpox...

BACKGROUND: Little is known about research in Foundling Hospitals during the 18th century. SUMMARY: The London "Hospital for the Maintenance and Education of Exposed and Deserted Young Children" opened in 1741, after fundraising by the former shipmaster Thomas Coram and a Charter by King George II. From 1741 to 1756, fewer than 100 infants a year were admitted by lot. With onset of the Seven Years' War in 1756, the House of Commons resolved and financed the admission of all deserted babies...

Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is responsible for causing a zoonotic disease called monkeypox (mpox), which sporadically infects humans in West and Central Africa. It first infected humans in 1970 and, along with the variola virus, belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus in the poxvirus family. Since the World Health Organization declared the MPXV outbreak a "Public Health Emergency of International Concern" on July 23, 2022, the number of infected patients has increased dramatically. To control this epidemic and address this previously neglected disease, MPXV needs to be better understood and reevaluated...

The human monkeypox virus (Mpox) is classified as a member of the Poxviridae family and belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus. Mpox possesses double-stranded DNA, and there are two known genetic clades: those originating in West Africa and the Congo Basin, commonly known as Central African clades. Mpox may be treated with either the vaccinia vaccination or the therapeutics. Modifying the smallpox vaccine for treating and preventing Mpox has shown to be beneficial because of the strong link between smallpox and Mpox viruses and their categorization in the same family...

Vaccinia virus (VACV) is a large DNA virus that encodes scores of proteins that modulate the host immune response. VACV protein C4 is one such immunomodulator known to inhibit the activation of both the NF-κB signaling cascade and the DNA-PK-mediated DNA sensing pathway. Here, we show that the N-terminal region of C4, which neither inhibits NF-κB nor mediates interaction with DNA-PK, still contributes to virus virulence. Furthermore, this domain interacts directly and with high affinity to the C-terminal domain of filamin B (FLNB)...

In 1970, the first case of mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) was documented in an infant in Equateur Province, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).1 Infections with clade I monkeypox virus (MPXV) are endemic in the rainforest regions of central Africa and result from both zoonotic and human-to-human transmission. The cessation of smallpox vaccination in 1980 because of the eradication of smallpox has led to an increase in the number of individuals who are orthopox immune naïve and is felt to be responsible for a recent increase in mpox cases in the DRC...

The multinational outbreak of mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) that began in 2022 resulted in more than 90,000 reported cases, over 150 deaths, and - importantly - a coordinated international response to a rapidly spreading infectious disease.1 Because of decades of global preparedness efforts, vaccines and therapeutics for a related orthopox virus (smallpox) were available in many global stockpiles. Few of these medical countermeasures were specifically designed, evaluated, or approved for use against mpox disease, requiring the global scientific community to identify how best to quickly translate what was known into what was needed...

Mpox Neutralizing Antibody Response to LC16m8 VaccineIn this study of 50 healthy volunteers in Japan, a smallpox vaccine (LC16m8) exhibited a robust neutralizing antibody response against two strains of the mpox virus. With a 94% "take" rate by day 14, seroconversion rates on day 28 were 72 and 70% against the Zr599 and Liberia strains, respectively, decreasing to 30% for both on day 168; no serious adverse events occurred.

On July 23, 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the monkeypox (mpox) outbreak a "Public Health Emergency of International Concern." Since 2022, outbreaks of mpox in many countries around the world have primarily resulted in fatalities among immunocompromised individuals, such as untreated HIV/AIDS patients. Since the eradication of smallpox was declared by the WHO in 1980, the global vaccination against smallpox has been gradually discontinued. China also stopped routine smallpox vaccination in 1981...

BACKGROUND: Although mpox has been detected in paediatric populations in central and west Africa for decades, evidence synthesis on paediatric, maternal, and congenital mpox, and the use of vaccines and therapeutics in these groups, is lacking. A systematic review is therefore indicated to set the research agenda. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis, searching articles in Embase, Global Health, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus, SciELO, and WHO databases from inception to April 17, 2023...

A global outbreak of predominantly sexually transmitted mpox infections, outside endemic regions, was reported in May 2022. Thereafter, risk groups were vaccinated against smallpox, a structurally related orthopoxvirus. In the current study, we analyzed T cell responses against peptides derived from orthopoxviruses in 33 HIV-positive patients after two vaccinations against smallpox and in 10 patients after mpox infection. We established an ELISpot assay, detecting either the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon (IFN)-γ or interleukin (IL)-2...

Although smallpox has been eradicated, other orthopoxviruses continue to be a public health concern as exemplified by the ongoing Mpox (formerly monkeypox) global outbreak. While medical countermeasures (MCMs) previously approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of smallpox have been adopted for Mpox, previously described vulnerabilities coupled with the questionable benefit of at least one of the therapeutics during the 2022 Mpox outbreak reinforce the need for identifying and developing other MCMs against orthopoxviruses...

BACKGROUND: Kaposi Varicelliform Eruptions (KVE), also known as eczema herpeticum, is a rare and potentially life-threatening dermatological condition primarily attributed to herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection, with less frequent involvement of Coxsackie A16, vaccinia, Varicella Zoster, and smallpox viruses. Typically associated with pre-existing skin diseases, especially atopic dermatitis, KVE predominantly affects children but can manifest in healthy adults. Characterized by painful clusters of vesicles and sores on the skin and mucous membranes, it often masquerades as other dermatological disorders...