Bacteria brain

Background Recent studies have shed light on the potential role of gut dysbiosis in shaping traumatic brain injury (TBI) outcomes. Changes in the levels and types of Lactobacillus bacteria present might impact the immune system disturbances, neuroinflammatory responses, anxiety and depressive-like behaviors, and compromised neuroprotection mechanisms triggered by TBI. Objective This study aimed to investigate the effects of a daily pan-probiotic (PP) mixture in drinking water containing strains of Lactobacillus plantarum, L...

Ischemic stroke (IS) has attracted worldwide attention due to the high mortality and disability rate. Raw rhubarb (RR) is a traditional medicinal plant and whole-food that has been used in China for its various pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Recent pharmacological research has shown the role of RR against IS, but its mechanism of action remains unclear, particularly in the context of the brain-gut axis. To address this gap in knowledge, the present study was conducted in the middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) model with the aim of investigating the effects of RR on regulating the intestinal microbiota barrier and metabolism and thereby reducing inflammatory response so as to improve the IS...

Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, regulate neuroinflammation which can lead to secondary neuronal damage and cognitive impairment under pathological conditions. Two of the many molecules that can elicit an inflammatory response from microglia are lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of gram-negative bacteria, and interferon gamma (IFNγ), an endogenous pro-inflammatory cytokine. We thoroughly examined the concentration-dependent relationship between LPS from multiple bacterial species and IFNγ in cultured microglia and macrophages...

Chronic hypoxia, common in neonates, disrupts gut microbiota balance, which is crucial for brain development. This study utilized cyanotic congenital heart disease (CCHD) patients and a neonatal hypoxic rat model to explore the association. Both hypoxic rats and CCHD infants exhibited brain immaturity, white matter injury (WMI), brain inflammation, and motor/learning deficits. Through 16s rRNA sequencing and metabolomic analysis, a reduction in B. thetaiotaomicron and P. distasonis was identified, leading to cholic acid accumulation...

Peri-implantitis (PI) is a chronic, inflammatory, and infectious disease which affects dental implants and has certain similarities to periodontitis (PD). Evidence has shown that PD may be related to several types of systemic disorders, such as diabetes and insulin resistance, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory tract infections, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and neurological disorders. Furthermore, some types of bacteria in PD can also be found in PI, leading to certain similarities in the immunoinflammatory responses in the host...

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary energy levels on microorganisms and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) of rumen and the expression of tight junction proteins in Honghe Yellow cattle. A total of fifteen male Honghe Yellow cattle were randomly divided into three treatments (five replicates per treatment), consisting of formulated energy concentrations of 5.90 MJ/kg (high-energy diet, group H), 5.60 MJ/kg (medium-energy diet, group M) and 5.30 MJ/kg (low-energy diet, group L)...

BACKGROUND: The HACEK group comprises Haemophilus spp., Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans , Cardiobacterium hominis , Eikenella corrodens , and Kingella kingae , are Gram-negative bacteria that are slow-growing and fastidious. These organisms are common causes of culture-negative endocarditis. However, brain abscesses caused by Haemophilus aphrophilus and E. corrodens have been rarely reported. The case we describe, which was promptly identified and successfully treated, will be meaningful for the diagnosis and treatment of such infectious diseases...

Although naturally Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) causes meningitis resulting in death or sequela of neurological symptoms in pigs and humans, severely threatening public health in the world, it has been difficult to build up and confirm experimental meningitis mouse models with obvious neurological syndrome for about two decades, which strongly hampers the in-depth study on the control measures and mechanisms of SS2-induced meningitis. In this study, a typical meningitis mouse model of SS2 was successfully established, as confirmed by the behavioral indicators of balance beam test, suspension test, and gait analysis...

PURPOSE: The activation of the inflammatory response is regarded as a pivotal factor in the pathogenesis of TBI. Central nervous system infection often leads to the exacerbation of neuroinflammation following TBI, primarily caused by Gram-negative bacteria. This study aims to elucidate the effects of the novel anti-inflammatory drug TAK-3 on LPS-induced neuroinflammation in TBI rats. METHODS: In conjunction with the rat controlled cortical impact model, we administered local injections of Lipopolysaccharide to the impact site...

Obesity remains a significant global health challenge, with bariatric surgery remaining as one of the most effective treatments for severe obesity and its related comorbidities. This review highlights the multifaceted impact of bariatric surgery beyond mere physical restriction or nutrient malabsorption, underscoring the importance of the gut microbiome and neurohormonal signals in mediating the profound effects on weight loss and behavior modification. The various bariatric surgery procedures, such as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG), act through distinct mechanisms to alter the gut microbiome, subsequently impacting metabolic health, energy balance, and food reward behaviors...

The gut-brain axis is increasingly understood to play a role in neuropsychiatric disorders. The probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus (L.) reuteri and products of tryptophan degradation, specifically the neuroactive kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolite kynurenic acid (KYNA), have received special attention in this context. We, therefore, assessed relevant features of KP metabolism, namely, the cellular uptake of the pivotal metabolite kynurenine and its conversion to its primary products KYNA, 3-hydroxykynurenine and anthranilic acid in L...

Chronic infection with Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) emerges as a risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases in animals and humans. However, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. We aimed to investigate whether gut microbiota and its metabolites play a role in T. gondii-induced cognitive deficits. We found that T. gondii infection induced cognitive deficits in mice, which was characterized by synaptic ultrastructure impairment and neuroinflammation in the hippocampus. Moreover, the infection led to gut microbiota dysbiosis, barrier integrity impairment, and inflammation in the colon...

Early-stage infective endocarditis (IE) can lead to severe complications, including infarctions and metastatic infections caused by inflammatory embolus shedding. Common embolism sites include the brain, spleen, kidneys, lungs, and intestines. Additionally, acute heart failure (AHF) can occur in up to 40% of cases, and its presence can impact the clinical outcomes of patients with IE. Cardiogenic shock (CGS) is often more likely to occur after AHF has taken place. If bacteria invade the blood, infectious shock can occur...

The major human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae encounters the immune-derived oxidant hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN) at sites of colonization and infection. We recently identified the pneumococcal hypothiocyanous acid reductase (Har), a member of the flavoprotein disulfide reductase enzyme family, and showed that it contributes to the HOSCN tolerance of S. pneumoniae in vitro. Here, we demonstrate in mouse models of pneumococcal infection that Har is critical for colonization and invasion. In a colonization model, bacterial load was attenuated dramatically in the nasopharynx when har was deleted in S...

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a severe mental disorder that affects approximately 10---20% of women after childbirth. The precise mechanism underlying PPD pathogenesis remains elusive, thus limiting the development of therapeutics. Gut microbiota dysbiosis is considered to contribute to major depressive disorder. However, the associations between gut microbiota and PPD remain unanswered. Here, we established a mouse PPD model by sudden ovarian steroid withdrawal after hormone-simulated pseudopregnancy-human (HSP-H) in ovariectomy (OVX) mouse...

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Kai-Xin-San (KXS) is a classic herbal formula for the treatment and prevention of AD (Alzheimer's disease) with definite curative effect, but its mechanism, which involves multiple components, pathways, and targets, is not yet fully understood. AIM OF THE STUDY: To verify the effect of KXS on gut microbiota and explore its anti-AD mechanism related with gut microbiota. MATERIALS AND METHODS: AD rat model was established and evaluated by intraperitoneal injection of D-gal and bilateral hippocampal CA1 injections of Aβ25-35 ...

This study aimed to identify and characterize the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of bacteria found in primary endodontic infections in the teeth of patients treated at the Dental Clinic of the University of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. From September to December 2019, samples were obtained from 21 patients with primary endodontic infections. The collections were carried out in triplicate using paper cones placed close to the total length of the root canal. Bacterial isolation was performed in Brain Heart Infusion agar, Blood agar, and other selective culture media cultured at 37°C for up to 48 h under aerobiosis and microaerophilic conditions...

INTRODUCTION: Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric disorder, of which molecular pathogenesis remains largely unknown. Accumulating evidence suggest that gut microbiota may affect brain function via the complex gut-brain axis, which may be a potential contributor to schizophrenia. However, the alteration of gut microbiota showed high heterogeneity across different studies. Therefore, this study aims to identify the consistently altered gut microbial taxa associated with schizophrenia...

AIM: The purpose of this ex-vivo study is to evaluate the efficacy of three irrigation techniques in the reduction of E. faecalis in root canal. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty healthy maxillary anteriors were employed in this investigation. The bacteria E. faecalis was left on teeth for 7 days while they were kept. Once teeth were contaminated, they were randomly divided into three groups of 20 for experimentation and a control group of 20 for comparison. NaviTip FX was used to irrigate Group I, the Max-I-probe was used to water Group II, and the Endovac system was used to water Group III...

BACKGROUND: This research sought to assess the impact of polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PHMGH) and 1,3,5-triacryloyl hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (TAT) on the antibacterial activity of an experimental resin sealant. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The two experimental sealants were formulated based on previous research, and Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) was tested for biofilm and planktonic bacteria's antibacterial properties. In 48 hours, 300 L of frozen S. mutans in skim milk was stored in an oven at 37°C in a microaerophilic atmosphere with 5% of CO2 and put on a petri plate containing brain-heart infusion (BHI) broth with agar at 15 g/L...