gastro enteritis

Successful treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) is highly dependent on several parameters, including dosing regimen and the ability to deliver drugs to the disease site. In this study two strategies for delivering mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid, 5-ASA) to the colon were compared in an advanced in vitro model of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the SHIME® system. Herein, a prodrug strategy employing bacteria-mediated drug release (sulfasalazine, Azulfidine®) was evaluated alongside a formulation strategy that utilised pH and bacteria-mediated release (5-ASA, Octasa® 1600 mg)...

BACKGROUND: Mounting evidence suggests a role for the gastro-intestinal microbiome as a determinant of peripheral immunity and central neurodegeneration, but the local disease mechanisms remain unknown. Given its potential relevance for early diagnosis and therapeutic intervention, we set out to map the pathogenic changes induced by bacterial amyloids in the gastro-intestinal tract and its enteric nervous system. METHODS: To examine the early response, we challenged primary murine myenteric networks with curli, the prototypic bacterial amyloid, and performed shotgun RNA sequencing and multiplex ELISA...

Background and Objectives: The enteric form of omeprazole is one of the most commonly prescribed medications. Similarly to Europe, Kazakhstan relies on the localization of pharmaceutical drug production as one of its primary strategies to ensure that its population has access to affordable and good-quality medicines. This study comprehensively describes the technologically available development of bioequivalent delayed-release omeprazole. Materials and Methods: Various regimes and technological parameters were tested on laboratory- and production-scale equipment to establish a technical process where a functional and gastro-protective layer is essential...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Hirschsprung disease is defined by the absence of enteric nervous system (ENS) from distal bowel. Primary treatment is "pull-through" surgery to remove bowel that lacks ENS with re-anastomosis of "normal" bowel near the anal verge. Problems after pull-through are common and some may be due to retained hypoganglionic bowel (i.e., low ENS density). Testing this hypothesis has been difficult because counting enteric neurons in tissue sections is unreliable even for experts...

With the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), cancer treatment options have widened in recent years. However, ICI-specific adverse events (irAEs) have been reported. Lower gastrointestinal lesions, such as colitis and enteritis, account for most gastrointestinal irAEs, and reports of upper gastrointestinal lesions are rare. We report a rare case of gastroesophagitis associated with ICI. The patient was a 64-year-old male. He was diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma stage IIIB (cT2aN3M0), and pembrolizumab (PEM) was started as a first-line treatment...

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The enteric nervous system (ENS), the gut's intrinsic nervous system critical for gastrointestinal function and gut-brain communication, is believed to mainly originate from vagal neural crest cells (vNCCs) and partially from sacral NCCs (sNCCs). Resolving the exact origins of the ENS is critical for understanding congenital ENS diseases but has been confounded by the inability to distinguish between both NCC populations in situ. Here, we aimed to resolve the exact origins of the mammalian ENS...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The efficacy of a low fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP) diet in Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is well established. After the elimination period, a reintroduction phase aims to identify triggers. We studied the impact of a blinded reintroduction using FODMAP-powders to objectively identify triggers and evaluated the effect on symptoms, quality of life (QoL), and psychosocial co-morbidities. METHODS: Responders to a 6-week low-FODMAP diet, defined by a drop in IBS-symptom severity score (IBS-SSS) compared to baseline, entered a 9-week blinded randomized reintroduction phase with 6 FODMAP powders (fructans, fructose, galacto-oligosaccharides, lactose, mannitol, sorbitol) or control (glucose)...

A comprehensive understanding of the role of dietary fibre in non-ruminant animal production is elusive. Equivocal and conflated definitions of fibre coupled with significant analytical complexity, interact with poorly defined host and microbiome relationships. Dietary fibre is known to influence gut development, feed intake and passage rate, nutrient absorption, microbiome taxonomy and function, gut pH, endogenous nutrient loss, environmental sustainability, animal welfare and more. Whilst significant gaps persist in our understanding of fibre in non-ruminant animal production, there is substantial interest in optimizing the fibre fraction of feed to induce high value phenotypes such as improved welfare, live performance and to reduce the environmental footprint of animal production systems...

PURPOSE: Diarrhoeal illness accounts for a high morbidity and mortality both in paediatric as well as adult groups and diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli occupies a top position as a causative agent of infectious diarrhoeal illness worldwide. The aim of the current investigation was to determine the virulence and pattern of antibiotic resistance of enteropathogenic, enterotoxigenic, and shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli that are linked to diarrhoea in patients of both adult and paediatric age groups...

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) and percutaneous endoscopic gastro-jejunal (PEG-J) tube placement are both common procedures regularly performed on patients requiring nutritional support. These procedures may be complicated by infection, hemorrhage, fistulization, or tube migration. We present an extremely rare case of a patient with a PEG-J tube that migrated into the esophagus.

The in-vitro synthesis of bio-compounds via fermentation is a promising route for bioactive molecules intended for disease control and management. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of fermentation on the antioxidants, antihyperglycemic and anti-inflammatory properties and the resultant chemometric phytochemical profiles of unripe plantain fruits. The results revealed that Escherichia coli and Propionibacterium spp. are suspected as the key fermenters. The E coli showed negative results to the pathogenicity test ; Propionibacterium appeared to be opportunistic...

OBJECTIVES: Rotaviruses G1P[8] are epidemiologically relevant and are targeted by vaccines. The introduction of vaccines has altered rotavirus epidemiology. Hospital-based surveillance conducted in Sicily, Italy, showed a progressive decline in rotavirus prevalence since 2014, along with an increasing vaccine coverage (63.8% in 2020), and a marked decrease in circulation of G1P[8] strains. Surprisingly in 2021, G1P[8] viruses accounted for 90.5% (19/21) of rotavirus infections. This study aimed to understand if the increased activity of G1P[8]s was related to virus-related peculiarities...

Celiac Disease (CeD) is a chronic autoimmune condition driven by gluten ingestion in genetically predisposed individuals, resulting in inflammatory lesions in the proximal small intestine. While the presence of specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) linked haplotypes and gluten consumption are necessary for disease development, they alone do not account for the variable onset of CeD in susceptible individuals. This review explores the multifaceted role of non-host factors in CeD development, including dietary and microbial influences...

DESCRIPTION: Diet plays a critical role in human health, but especially for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Guidance about diet for patients with IBD are often controversial and a source of uncertainty for many physicians and patients. The role of diet has been investigated as a risk factor for IBD etiopathogenesis and as a therapy for active disease. Dietary restrictions, along with the clinical complications of IBD, can result in malnutrition, an underrecognized condition among this patient population...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Definitive peroral endoscopic treatment of pancreaticobiliary pathology in patients with surgically altered anatomy has recently been made more feasible by the use of lumen-apposing metal stents (LAMS) to create bowel-to-bowel anastomoses. We aim to demonstrate 4 cases of non–gastric bypass Roux-en-Y anatomy for which an enteroenterostomy was created under EUS guidance to facilitate complex peroral ERCP. METHODS: Akin to EUS-directed transgastric ERCP, the approach to EUS-directed transenteric ERCP involves identification and expansion of the target bowel before transmural puncture and stent placement...

Ulceration colitis (UC) is a chronic and recurrent inflammatory disorder in the gastro-intestinal tract. The purpose of our study is to explore the potential mechanisms of ginsenoside Rg1 (GS Rg1) on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Acute colitis was induced in male C57BL/6 mice. In vitro model of LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells to simulate enteritis model. The disease activity index (DAI), colon length, body weight and histopathological analysis were performed in vivo...

BACKGROUND: Data on imported infections in children and young people (CYP) are sparse. AIMS: To describe imported infections in CYP arriving from malaria-endemic areas and presenting to UK emergency departments (ED) who were screened for malaria. METHODS: This is a retrospective, multi-centre, observational study nested in a diagnostic accuracy study for malaria rapid diagnostic tests. Any CYP < 16 years presenting to a participating ED with a history of fever and travel to a malaria-endemic area between 1 January 2016 and 31 December 2017 and who had a malaria screen as a part of standard care were included...

BACKGROUND: Enteritis is one of the rare systemic manifestations in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus and its diagnosis is very challenging. This is a rare case of an adolescent girl with recurrent non-specific gastro-intestinal symptoms which were later diagnosed to be owing to lupus enteritis, the only presenting manifestation of an active flare. CASE REPORT: A 15-year-old girl was admitted with recurrent episodes of abdominal pain, vomiting and loose stools...

BACKGROUND: Supragastric belching (SGB) and aerophagia are behavioral disorders characterized by air induced esophageal distension. SGB is known to be associated with Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). Low Mean Nocturnal Baseline Impedance (MNBI) values support GERD diagnosis. We aimed to assess if chronic esophageal distension by air affects the esophageal mucosa integrity by assessing changes in MNBI. METHODS: In a single-center database study, we searched retrospectively for patients with a diagnosis of pathological SGB (n = 146) or aerophagia (n = 34) based on impedance-pH reflux monitoring...

BACKGROUND: Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) therapy effectively induces remission in pediatric Crohn's disease (CD). However, this may depend on the type of enteral formula used. Moreover, data on the efficacy of amino acid-based EEN are limited. Thus, we aimed to prospectively evaluate the efficacy of amino acid-based formulas for EEN in pediatric patients with active CD. METHODS: Patients with active CD aged between 6 and 17 years were recruited into this prospective study from four hospitals in China between March 2019 and December 2021...