Addiction ketamine

Psychedelic therapy (PT) is an emerging paradigm with great transdiagnostic potential for treating psychiatric disorders, including depression, addiction, post-traumatic stress disorder, and potentially others. 'Classic' serotonergic psychedelics, such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), which have a key locus of action at the 5-HT2A receptor, form the main focus of this movement, but substances including ketamine, 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and ibogaine also hold promise. The modern phase of development of these treatment modalities in the early 21st century has occurred concurrently with the wider use of advanced human neuroscientific research methods; principally neuroimaging...

Neurological diseases often involve changes in synaptic connectivity and plasticity. Psychoplastogens, substances that stimulate neuronal growth and enhance neural structures, show promise in mitigating these changes. They activate key biological targets, including AMPA receptors, TrkB, and mTOR. Substances like ketamine, scopolamine, N , N -dimethyltryptamine, and rapastinel have psychoplastogenic properties. In clinical trials, psychedelic psychoplastogens have demonstrated antidepressant, anxiolytic, and anti-addictive effects...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

The United States is entering its fourth decade of the opioid epidemic with no clear end in sight. At the center of the epidemic is an increase in opioid use disorder (OUD), a complex condition encompassing physical addiction, psychological comorbidities, and socioeconomic and legal travails associated with the misuse and abuse of opioids. Existing behavioral and medication-assisted therapies show limited efficacy as they are hampered by lack of access, strict regimens, and failure to fully address the non-pharmacological aspects of the disease...

Opioid withdrawal generates extremely unpleasant physical symptoms and negative affective states. A rapid relief of opioid withdrawal-induced anxiety has obvious clinical relevance but has been rarely reported. We have shown that injection of ketamine metabolite (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK) leads to a rapid alleviation of anxiety-like behaviors in male mice undergoing chronic morphine withdrawal. Here we investigated the contribution of nucleus accumbens shell (sNAc) parvalbumin (PV)-neurons to this process...

Hallucinogen dependence and abuse are DSM-IV diagnoses that are associated with significant morbidity, yet the specific hallucinogens that are most strongly linked to dependence and abuse are understudied. We used recent data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2015-2020) and multivariable logistic regression to test the relationships that lifetime use of seven individual hallucinogens (MDMA/ecstasy, PCP, ketamine, psilocybin, LSD, peyote, and mescaline) shares with hallucinogen dependence and abuse among individuals who initiated hallucinogen use within the past two years ( N =  5,252)...

BACKGROUND: Although initiating buprenorphine in the presence of full opioid agonists has always been a clinical dilemma, the transition to primarily fentanyl in the drug supply has increased the urgency to find appropriate treatments for precipitated opioid withdrawal (POW). Although rare, lack of evidence on how to best treat POW threatens clinician and patient comfort in initiating life-saving medication for opioid use disorder. Ketamine has been used in emergency department settings to treat POW; this is the first case report of ketamine use in a hospitalized patient...

BACKGROUND: The involvement of lateral habenula and the ineffective dose of morphine on reward-related learning and memory is less well-known. This study looked into the effects of electrical stimulation, GABAB receptor blockade, and a combination of both with morphine on conditioned place preference. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this experiment, male rats were anesthetized with ketamine/xylazine (six rats in each group). A 5-day biased conditioned place preference paradigm was used for the behavioral test...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In recent years, there has been accelerating scientific and public interest in the use of psychedelics to treat mental health disorders. Our study's objective was to assess the attitudes of addiction specialists regarding therapeutic psychedelics. METHODS: Our study utilized an anonymous online survey to assess the opinions of 145 addiction specialists regarding the therapeutic promise, potential risks, and legalization of psychedelics in the treatment of psychiatric illness and substance use disorders...

Anesthesia for major head and neck surgery is historically heavily reliant on opioids with deleterious consequences. We reported a case of a patient with a history of heroin abuse submitted to a tongue carcinoma excision, followed by free-flap reconstruction under opioid-free anesthesia. We used a propofol total intravenous anesthesia and perfusions of ketamine, dexmedetomidine, lidocaine, and magnesium sulfate for analgesia, complemented by boluses of dexamethasone, acetaminophen, parecoxib, and metamizole...

Ketamine, a racemic mixture of esketamine (S-ketamine) and arketamine (R-ketamine), has received particular attention for its rapid antidepressant and antisuicidal effects. NMDA receptor inhibition has been indicated as one of the main mechanisms of action of the racemic mixture, but other pharmacological targets have also been proposed. This study aimed to explore the possible multiple targets of ketamine enantiomers related to their antidepressant and antisuicidal effects. To this end, targets were predicted using Swiss Target Prediction software for each ketamine enantiomer...

Ketamine has been abused as a psychedelic agent and causes diverse neurobehavioral changes. Adolescence is a critical developmental stage but vulnerable to substances and environmental stimuli. Growing evidence shows that ketamine affects glutamatergic neurotransmission, which is important for memory storage, addiction, and psychosis. To explore diverse biological responses, this study was designed to assess ketamine sensitivity in mice of different ages and strains. Male C57BL/6J and BALB/c mice were studied in adolescence and adulthood separately...

Depression is a multifactorial syndrome with a variety of underlying pathological mechanisms. While ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, exhibits a rapid antidepressant action in the central never system (CNS), the potential addiction and psychotomimetic adverse effects of ketamine limit its chronic use in clinical practice. Therefore, it is necessary to discover an additional agent that shows a synergistic antidepressant activity with ketamine to sustain its therapeutic action so as to reduce its use frequency in depression treatment...

BACKGROUND: Ketamine and psychedelics have abuse liability. They can also induce "transformative experiences" where individuals experience enhanced states of awareness. This enhanced awareness can lead to changes in preexisting behavioral patterns which could be beneficial in the treatment of substance use disorders (SUDs). Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that ketamine and psychedelics may alter markers associated with synaptic density, and that these changes may underlie effects such as sensitization, conditioned place preference, drug self-administration, and verbal memory performance...

OBJECTIVES: Ketamine uropathy causes inflammatory changes to the urothelium, manifesting as significant lower urinary tract symptoms, small bladder capacity, and pelvic pain. Upper tract involvement and hydronephrosis can occur. Data from UK centers are limited, and no formal treatment guidelines exist. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients with ketamine uropathy presenting to our unit over an 11-year period were identified through operative and clinic lists, emergency presentations, and a prospectively collected local database...

OBJECTIVES: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) (also known as "ecstasy" or "Molly") has regained attention in recent years for its efficacy in treating posttraumatic stress disorder, and the drug was granted breakthrough therapy designation for such use by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2017. However, little is known about the current epidemiology of recreational ecstasy/MDMA use. METHODS: We estimated past-year prevalence and correlates of ecstasy/MDMA use based on a representative sample of noninstitutionalized US individuals 12 years or older from the 2015-2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N = 315,661)...

Initiation of non-medical dextromethorphan (DXM) use often occurs in adolescence, yet little is known about the consequences when use begins during this developmental period. The current experiments examined the acute response and the effects of repeated exposure to DXM in adolescence on behavior in adulthood. We examined locomotor activity, locomotor sensitization, and cognitive function, in rats that received repeated administration of DXM. Groups of adolescent (PND 30) and adult (PND 60) male rats were treated with DXM (60 mg/kg) once daily for 10 days...

Psychedelic substances have in recent years attracted considerable interest as potential treatments for several psychiatric conditions, including depression, anxiety, and addiction. Imaging studies in humans point to a number of possible mechanisms underlying the acute effects of psychedelics, including changes in neuronal firing rates and excitability as well as alterations in functional connectivity between various brain nodes. In addition, animal studies using invasive recordings, have suggested synchronous high-frequency oscillations involving several brain regions as another key feature of the psychedelic brain state...

BACKGROUND: Public and patient expectations of treatment influence health behaviours and decision-making. AIMS: We aimed to understand how the media has portrayed the therapeutic use of ketamine in psychiatry. METHOD: We systematically searched electronic databases for print and online news articles about ketamine for psychiatric disorders. The top ten UK, USA, Canadian and Australian newspapers by circulation and any trade and consumer magazines indexed in the databases were searched from 2015 to 2020...

2-Fluoro-deschloroketamine (2F-DCK) is a ketamine derivative involved in acute intoxications and deaths. The aim of this study is to investigate its metabolism using pHLM, and to apply it to authentic samples (urine, hair, seized materials) from a drug user. 2F-DCK (100 µM) incubates with pHLM were analyzed by LC-HRAM (Q-Exactive, Thermo Fisher Scientific®) according to a previously published protocol. Spectra annotation was performed using Compound Discoverer® software and the metabolic scheme was drawn using Chemdraw software...