motoric cognitive risk

A major effort of the pharmaceutical industry has been to identify and market drug treatments that are effective in ameliorating the symptoms of psychotic illness but without the limitations of the current treatments acting at dopamine D2 receptors. These limitations include the induction of a range of adverse effects, the inadequate treatment response of a substantial proportion of people with schizophrenia, and the generally poor response to negative and cognitive features of the disease. Recently introduced drug treatments have gone some way to avoiding the first of these, with a reduced propensity for weight gain, cardiovascular risk and extrapyramidal motor effects...

BACKGROUND: Frailty, a syndrome characterized by decreased reserve and resistance to stressors across multiple physiologic systems, is highly prevalent in people living with multiple sclerosis (pwMS), independent of age or disability level. Frailty in MS is strongly associated with adverse clinical outcomes, such as falls, and may aggravate MS-related symptoms. Consequently, there is a pressing necessity to explore and evaluate strategies to reduce frailty levels in pwMS. The purpose of this pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) will be to examine the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a multimodal exercise training program to reduce frailty in pwMS...

OBJECTIVE: Magnetic resonance imaging can detect neurodegenerative iron accumulation in the motor cortex, called the motor band sign. This study aims to evaluate its sensitivity/specificity and correlations to symptomatology, biomarkers, and clinical outcome in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. METHODS: This prospective study consecutively enrolled 114 persons with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and 79 mimics referred to Karolinska University Hospital, and also 31 healthy controls...

Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection may further compromise immunological and cognitive function in people with HIV (PWH). This study compared laboratory and neuropsychiatric measures across the periods of HCV seroconversion and direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy with sustained virologic response (SVR) among PWH who initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) during acute HIV infection (AHI) and acquired HCV after 24 weeks of ART. Methods Participants from the RV254 AHI cohort underwent paired laboratory and neuropsychiatric assessments during regular follow-up...

INTRODUCTION: To determine if demographic variables and measures of cognitive function, functional mobility, self-reported balance self-efficacy, and self-reported physical activity can predict gait speed variability during single-task walking (STgscv), during cognitive-motor dual-tasking (DTgscv), and dual-task effect on gait speed variability (DTEgscv) in older adults. METHODS: In 62 older adults, demographics were recorded and cognitive function (including the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA), functional mobility, balance self-efficacy (Activity-Specific Balance Confidence Scale, ABC), and self-reported physical activity (Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly, PASE) were assessed...

OBJECTIVE: Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) regulates energy homeostasis, blood-brain barrier integrity, and metabolic signaling in the brain. Deficiency of LRP1 in inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons causes severe obesity in mice. However, the impact of LRP1 in inhibitory neurons on memory function and cognition in the context of obesity is poorly understood. METHODS: Mice lacking LRP1 in GABAergic neurons (Vgat-Cre; LRP1loxP/loxP ) underwent behavioral tests for locomotor activity and motor coordination, short/long-term and spatial memory, and fear learning/memory...

Extensive research has shown that breastfeeding offers many benefits to children, including advantages in lifelong health, physical development, cognitive function, behavior, and brain development, compared to those not breastfed. In the Dominican Republic, the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding among infants aged 0-6 months remains low, and the lack of a surveillance system has made it challenging to measure the impact of breastfeeding on early childhood development (ECD). This study aims to address the effect of ever breastfeeding on ECD...

BACKGROUND: Dementia prevalence is predicted to triple to 152 million globally by 2050. Alzheimer's disease (AD) constitutes 70% of cases. There is an urgent need to identify individuals with preclinical AD, a 10-20-year period of progressive brain pathology without noticeable cognitive symptoms, for targeted risk reduction. Current tests of AD pathology are either too invasive, specialised or expensive for population-level assessments. Cognitive tests are normal in preclinical AD...

Adolescence is characterized by dynamic neurodevelopment, which poses opportunities for risk and resilience. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) confer additional risk to the developing brain, where ACEs have been associated with alterations in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) BOLD signaling in brain regions underlying inhibitory control. Socioenvironmental factors like the family environment may amplify or buffer against the neurodevelopmental risks associated with ACEs. Using baseline to Year 2 follow-up data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, the current study examined how ACEs relate to fMRI BOLD signaling during successful inhibition on the Stop Signal Task in regions associated with inhibitory control and examined whether family conflict levels moderated that relationship...

The right hemisphere has been underestimated by being considered as the non-dominant hemisphere. However, it is involved in many functions, including movement, language, cognition, and emotion. Therefore, because lesions on this side are usually not resected under awake mapping, there is a risk of unfavorable neurological outcomes. The goal of this study is to compare the functional and oncological outcomes of awake surgery (AwS) versus surgery under general anesthesia (GA) in supratentorial right-sided gliomas...

INTRODUCTION: People with Down syndrome (DS) have a 75% to 90% lifetime risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD pathology begins a decade or more prior to onset of clinical AD dementia in people with DS. It is not clear if plasma biomarkers of AD pathology are correlated with early cognitive and functional impairments in DS, and if these biomarkers could be used to track the early stages of AD in DS or to inform inclusion criteria for clinical AD treatment trials. METHODS: This large cross-sectional cohort study investigated the associations between plasma biomarkers of amyloid beta (Aβ)42/40, total tau, and neurofilament light chain (NfL) and cognitive (episodic memory, visual-motor integration, and visuospatial abilities) and functional (adaptive behavior) impairments in 260 adults with DS without dementia (aged 25-81 years)...

Objectively measured physical activity volume serves as a predictive factor for functional recovery in patients with stroke. Malnutrition, a frequent complication of stroke, may influence the relationship between physical activity and functional recovery. This study aimed to examine the association between physical activity volume and functional recovery in patients with stroke, stratified by their nutritional status. This multicenter prospective observational study included 209 patients with stroke admitted to two Japanese convalescent rehabilitation hospitals...

BACKGROUND: In children, hearing loss has been associated with hyperactivity, disturbed social interaction, and risk of cognitive disturbances. Mechanistic explanations of these relations sometimes involve language. To investigate the effect of hearing loss on behavioral deficits in the absence of language, we tested the impact of hearing loss in juvenile rats on motor, social, and cognitive behavior and on physiology of prefrontal cortex. METHODS: Hearing loss was induced in juvenile (postnatal day 14) male Sprague-Dawley rats by intracochlear injection of neomycin under general anesthesia...

BACKGROUND: Child development is shaped throughout the first years of life through the interaction of genetics and the environment. Bayley-III is valuably used to determine early developmental delay (DD). The aim of this study was to detect the differences in performance of a sample of apparently healthy Egyptian infants and toddlers on the Bayley-III scales in relation to their age and gender. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study. Bayley scales were applied to 270 of the 300 recruited children following the inclusion criteria; to avoid potential risk factors affecting development...

BACKGROUND: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), extensively used in various products, prompt ongoing concern despite reduced exposure since the 1970s. This systematic review explores prenatal PCB and hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PCBs) exposure's association with child neurodevelopment. Encompassing cognitive, motor development, behavior, attention, ADHD, and ASD risks, it also evaluates diverse methodological approaches in studies. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, and Web of Science databases were searched through August 23, 2023, by predefined search strings...

Maternal allergic asthma (MAA) during pregnancy has been associated with increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in humans, and rodent studies have demonstrated that inducing a T helper-2-mediated allergic response during pregnancy leads to an offspring behavioral phenotype characterized by decreased social interaction and increased stereotypies. The interleukin (IL)-4 cytokine is hypothesized to mediate the neurobehavioral impact of MAA on offspring. Utilizing IL-4 knockout mice, this study assessed whether MAA without IL-4 signaling would still impart behavioral deficits...

Force steadiness can be influenced by visual feedback as well as presence of a cognitive tasks and potentially differs with age and sex. This study determined the impact of altered visual feedback on force steadiness in the presence of a difficult cognitive challenge in young and older men and women. Forty-nine young (19-30 yr; 25 women, 24 men) and 25 older (60-85 yr; 15 women; 10 men) performed low force (5% of maximum) static contractions with the elbow flexor muscles in the presence and absence of a cognitive challenge (counting backwards by 13) either with low or high visual feedback gain...

Impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease are relatively common drug-induced addictive behaviours that are usually triggered by the dopamine agonists pramipexole, ropinirole and rotigotine. This narrative review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge of impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease. We summarised the prevalence, clinical features, risk factors and potential underlying mechanisms of impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease. Moreover, recent advances in behavioural and imaging characteristics and management strategies are discussed...

Background : Depression is common in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and significantly impacts both the patients and their caregivers. The associations between depression and the responses from commonly used questionnaires for PD patients were assessed. New patients presenting to the Movement Disorder Center completed a number of questionnaires, including assessments of the motor and non-motor symptoms of PD, including depression. Methods : The PD patients were grouped according to severity of depression: none, mild, and moderate-severe, based on the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) scores...

OBJECTIVE: Adolescents with perinatally-acquired HIV (AWH) are at an increased risk of poor cognitive development but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Circulating galectin-9 (Gal-9) has been associated with increased inflammation and multi-morbidity in adults with HIV despite anti-retroviral therapy (ART), however, relationship between Gal-9 in AWH and cognition remain unexplored. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study of two independent age-matched cohorts from India [AWH on ART (n = 15), ART-naïve (n = 15), and adolescents without HIV (AWOH; n = 10)] and Myanmar [AWH on ART (n = 54) and AWOH (n = 22)] were studied...