Exhaled breath condensate

INTRODUCTION: Nasal NO (nNO) is low in most Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD) patients. Decreased ciliary motion could lead to antigen stasis, increasing oxidant production; and NO oxidation in the airways could both decrease gas phase NO and increase nitrosative stress. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied primary airway epithelial cells from healthy controls (HC) and PCD patients with several different genotypes. We measured antigen clearance in fenestrated membranes exposed apically to fluorescently- labeled antigen Dermatophagoiedes pteronyssinus (Derp1-f)...

Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) collection is a non-invasive sampling method that provides valuable information regarding the health status of the respiratory system by measuring inflammatory mediators, such as pH, hydrogen peroxide, and leukotriene B4. This scoping review aimed to provide an update on the collection and analysis of EBC in horses. A systematic search of three electronic databases, PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, identified 40,978 articles, of which 1590 duplicates were excluded. Moreover, 39,388 articles were excluded because of irrelevance to this review, such as studies on other species, studies on respiratory exhalation, reviews, and theses...

Aim: To find a practical biomonitoring method for researchers exposed to nanoparticles causing oxidative stress. Methods: In a continuation of a study in 2016-2018, biological samples (plasma, urine and exhaled breath condensate [EBC]) were collected in 2019-2020 from 43 researchers (13.8 ± 3.0 years of exposure) and 45 controls. Antioxidant status was assessed using glutathione (GSH) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power, while oxidative stress was measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, all using spectrophotometric methods...

Aim: This study aimed to develop a colorimetric approach for quantifying ethanol using smartphone image analysis. Method: This research presents a straightforward smartphone-based colorimetric sensor that efficiently measures ethanol levels in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) samples. The process involved changing the acidic dichromate color in an ethanolic solution, followed by image analysis. Results: The results showed that this method was able to estimate ethanol concentrations in the range of 300-1500 and 1600-8000 μg ml-1 in EBC...

A high level of particulate matter (PM) in air is correlated with the onset and development of chronic respiratory diseases. We conducted a systematic literature review, searching the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases for studies of biomarkers of the effect of PM exposure on chronic respiratory diseases and the progression thereof. Thirty-eight articles on biomarkers of the progression of chronic respiratory diseases after exposure to PM were identified, four of which were eligible for review. Serum, sputum, urine, and exhaled breath condensate biomarkers of the effect of PM exposure on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma had a variety of underlying mechanisms...

Biological thiols spontaneously form a stable Au-S dative bond with gold nanoparticles (AuNP) that might be used for their selective extraction and enrichment in biological samples. In this work, interactions of selected biological thiols (glutathione, cysteine, homocysteine [Hcys], cysteamine [CA], and N-acetylcysteine) with AuNP stabilized by different capping agents (citrate, Tween 20, Brij 35, CTAB, SDS) were investigated by UV-Vis spectroscopy and capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence...

Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma-COPD overlap are the third leading cause of mortality around the world. They share some common features, which can lead to misdiagnosis. To properly manage these conditions, reliable markers for early and accurate diagnosis are needed. Over the past 20 years, many molecules have been investigated in the exhaled breath condensate to better understand inflammation pathways and mechanisms related to these disorders. Recently, more advanced techniques, such as sensitive metabolomic and proteomic profiling, have been used to obtain a more comprehensive understanding...

The analysis of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) demonstrates a promising avenue of minimally invasive biopsies for diagnostics. EBC is obtained by cooling exhaled air and collecting the condensation to be utilized for downstream analysis using various analytical methods. The aqueous phase of breath contains a large variety of miscible small compounds including polar electrolytes, amino acids, cytokines, chemokines, peptides, small proteins, metabolites, nucleic acids, and lipids/eicosanoids-however, these analytes are typically present at minuscule levels in EBC, posing a considerable technical challenge...

Chronic cough is characterized by a state of cough hypersensitivity. We analyze the process of transpiration, by which water appears to evaporate from laryngeal and tracheal mucus as from the surface of a leaf, as a potential cause of cough hypersensitivity. In this process, osmotic pressure differences form across mucus, pulling water toward the air, and preventing mucus dehydration. Recent research suggests that these osmotic differences grow on encounter with dry and dirty air, amplifying pressure on upper airway epithelia and initiating a cascade of biophysical events that potentially elevate levels of ATP, promote inflammation and acidity, threaten water condensation, and diminish mucus water permeability...

In COVID-19 clinical symptoms can persist even after negativization also in individuals who have had mild or moderate disease. We here investigated the biomarkers that define the post-COVID-19 clinical state analyzing the exhaled breath condensate (EBC) of 38 post COVID-19 patients and 38 sex and age-matched healthy controls via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics. Predicted gene-modulated microRNAs (miRNAs) related to COVID-19 were quantified from EBC of 10 patients and 10 controls. Finally, clinical parameters from all post-COVID-19 patients were correlated with metabolomic data...

Exhaled human breath contains a mixture of gases including nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapour and low molecular weight volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Different VOCs detected in human breath condensate have been recently related to several metabolic processes occurring inside body tissues in the pathological state, as candidate biomarkers for monitoring conditions such as lung injury, airway inflammation, immunity dysfunction, infection, and cancer. Current techniques for detecting these compounds include several types of mass spectroscopy, which are highly costly, time-consuming and dependent on trained personnel for sample analysis...

Secondary electrospray ionization-high resolution mass spectrometry (SESI-HRMS) is an established technique in the field of breath analysis characterized by its short analysis time, as well as high levels of sensitivity and selectivity. Traditionally, SESI-HRMS has been used for real-time breath analysis, which requires subjects to be at the location of the analytical platform. Therefore, it limits the possibilities for an introduction of this methodology in day-to-day clinical practice. However, recent methodological developments have shown feasibility on the remote sampling of exhaled breath in Nalophan® bags prior to measurement using SESI-HRMS...

The present study was aimed at investigating DNA damage, micronuclei frequency and meta-nuclear alterations in buccal cells of workers involved in pigment-grade TiO2 production (15 exposed and 20 not-exposed). We also assessed associations of genotoxicity biomarkers with oxidative stress/inflammatory biomarkers in urine and exhaled breath condensate (EBC), as well as possible associations between biomarkers and reported respiratory symptoms. In spite of compliance with TiO2 Occupational Exposure Limits, results showed increased direct/oxidative DNA damage and micronuclei frequency in exposed workers...

Patients with end-stage chronic kidney disease show higher systemic oxidative stress and exhale more hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) than healthy controls. Kidney transplantation reduces oxidative stress and H2 O2 production by blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). Kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) may be predisposed to an impairment of lung diffusing capacity due to chronic inflammation. Lung function and H2 O2 concentration in the exhaled breath condensate (EBC) were compared in 20 KTRs with stable allograft function to 20 healthy matched controls...

Daclatasvir and sofosbuvir are antiviral medications utilized in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Due to their low therapeutic index, careful monitoring is necessary to ensure that the optimal dose is administered. High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) is an exceptionally sensitive and specific technique for quantifying these drugs within biological matrices. In this study, we developed a novel dispersive solid-phase extraction method employing a carbonized bio aerogel composite with ZnO for efficient extraction of daclatasvir and sofosbuvir from exhaled breath condensate, urine, and plasma samples...

Preterm-born children are at risk of long-term pulmonary deficits, including those who developed bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in infancy, however the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We characterised the exhaled breath condensate (EBC) metabolome from preterm-born children, both with and without BPD. Following spirometry, EBC from children aged 7-12 years, from the Respiratory Health Outcomes in Neonates study, were analysed using Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Metabolite Set Enrichment Analysis (MSEA) linked significantly altered metabolites to biological processes...

Pulmonary Embolism (PE) can be a diagnostic challenge. Current diagnostic markers for PE are unspecific and new diagnostic tools are needed. The air we exhale is a possible new source for biomarkers which can be tapped into by analysing the exhaled breath condensate (EBC). We analysed the EBC from patients with PE and controls to investigate if the EBC is a useful source for new diagnostic biomarkers of PE. We collected and analysed EBC samples from patients with suspected PE and controls matched on age and sex...

This article presents a solid-phase extraction method combined with a spectrofluorometric method for the extraction/pre-concentration and determination of metoprolol (MET) in exhaled breath condensate. The extraction sorbent is an agarose aerogel nanocomposite grafted with graphene oxide (GO) Fe3 O4 . The size and morphology of the nanosorbent were characterized via X-ray crystallography, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis. Factors affecting the extraction/determination of MET were optimized using the one-at-a-time method...

BACKGROUND: The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulator elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor (E/T/I) is highly effective clinically for those with at least one F508del-CFTR allele. The effects of E/T/I on mucociliary clearance (MCC) and sputum properties are unknown. We, therefore, sought to characterize the effects of E/T/I on in vivo MCC and sputum characteristics hypothesized to impact mucus transport. METHODS: Forty-four participants ≥12 years of age were enrolled into this prospective, observational trial prior to initiation of E/T/I and had baseline measurement of MCC and characterization of induced sputum and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) samples...

Ion suppression is a known matrix effect in electrospray ionization (ESI), ambient pressure chemical ionization (APCI), and desorption electrospray ionization (DESI), but its characterization in secondary electrospray ionization (SESI) is lacking. A thorough understanding of this effect is crucial for quantitative applications of SESI, such as breath analysis. In this study, gas standards were generated by using an evaporation-based system to assess the susceptibility and suppression potential of acetone, deuterated acetone, deuterated acetic acid, and pyridine...