Optic cup

Structural differences between optic nerve head (ONH) parameters in glaucomatous and non-glaucomatous eyes has been documented, however the association between such parameters in patients with different disease stages is yet to be elucidated. We investigated the relationship between different laminar and prelaminar ONH structures using enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (EDI OCT) in a population with and without glaucoma. In this observational case-control study, we prospectively enrolled healthy individuals and glaucomatous patients with different disease stages...

During vertebrate eye morphogenesis a transient fissure forms at its inferior part, known as the optic fissure. This will gradually close giving rise to a healthy, spherical optic cup. Failure of the optic fissure to close gives rise to an ocular disorder known as coloboma. During this developmental process Foxg1 is expressed in the optic neuroepithelium, with highest levels of expression in the nasal optic stalk. Foxg1-/- mutant mice have microphthalmic eyes with a large ventral coloboma. We found Wnt8b expression upregulated in the Foxg1-/- optic stalk and hypothesized that, similar to what is observed in telencephalic development, Foxg1 directs development of the optic neuroepithelium through transcriptional suppression of Wnt8b To test this, we generated Foxg1-/-;Wnt8b-/- double mutants of either sex and found that the morphology of the optic cup and stalk and the closure of the optic fissure were substantially rescued in these embryos...

Our objective was to compare the diagnostic accuracies of and to determine the correlations between the disc damage likelihood scale (DDLS) and anatomical and functional tests used for glaucoma detection. A total of 54 healthy subjects (54 eyes) and 47 primary open-angle glaucoma patients (47 eyes) were included in this cross-sectional observational study. DDLS scores and cup-to-disc (C/D) ratios were evaluated. Subjects underwent standard automated perimetry (SAP), optic disc and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) imaging with time and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (TD and SD-OCT), Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT II), and scanning laser polarimetry (GDx-VCC)...

The purpose of this study was to compare the optic disc parameters, retinal nerve fiber (RNFL), and macular ganglion cell layers between patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2 and healthy controls.In this cross-sectional study, 69 eyes of 69 diabetic patients without diabetic retinopathy and 47 eyes of 47 healthy controls were included. Optic disc parameters (i.e., rim area, disc area, cup to disc ratio, cup volume), RNFL, and macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layers (GCL + IPL) thickness were measured by means of spectral domain optical coherence tomography...

BACKGROUND: Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a complex disease of multigenic inheritance and the most common subtype of glaucoma. SIX6 encodes a transcription factor involved in retina, optic nerve, and pituitary development. Previous studies showed a genetic association between the SIX6 locus and POAG, identifying risk alleles. Whether these alleles are present also in the south Indian population is unclear. METHODS: To address this question, the SIX6 gene and an already characterized and highly conserved SIX6 enhancer (Ch14:60974427-60974430) were sequenced in two south Indian cohorts, respectively, composed of 65/65 and 200/200 POAG cases/age-matched controls...

Mutations in CEP290, a transition zone protein in primary cilia, cause diverse ciliopathies, including Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) and Joubert-syndrome and related disorders (JSRD). We examined cilia biogenesis and function in cells derived from CEP290-LCA and CEP290-JSRD patients. CEP290 protein was reduced in LCA fibroblasts with no detectable impact on cilia; however, optic cups derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) of CEP290-LCA patients displayed less developed photoreceptor cilia. Lack of CEP290 in JSRD fibroblasts resulted in abnormal cilia and decreased ciliogenesis...

A 12-laser-wavelength, fixed source-detector position, cup-based optical breast spectroscopy (OBS) device was developed for use in large-scale, multi-center trials as a mammographic breast density (MBD) quantification and breast cancer risk pre-screening tool. In this study, the device was evaluated in comparison with a spectrometer-based device used in previous studies. The devices were compared on their ability to predict mammographic percent density (MPD) and to identify women with high MBD from optical spectra...

Salps are marine planktonic chordates that possess an obligatory alternation of reproductive modes in subsequent generations. Within tunicates, salps represent a derived life cycle and are of interest in considerations of the evolutionary origin of complex anatomical structures and life history strategies. In the present study, the eyes and brains of both the sexual, aggregate blastozooid and the asexual, solitary oozooid stage of Thalia democratica (Forskål, ) were digitally reconstructed in detail based on serial sectioning for light and transmission electron microscopy...

We repeatedly examined 17 subjects with presumed bilateral physiological excavation labeled as pathological and/or borderline via HRT to verify the diagnosis of physiological cupping or to monitor the long-term progression into normal tension glaucoma. Patients and Methods 17 Subjects with presumed bilateral physiological cupping and large optic discs were included in this long-term follow-up study. All subjects underwent regular detailed ophthalmologic examinations, including intraocular pressure measurement via Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT), retinal nerve fiber layer imaging via optical coherence tonometry (OCT) and visual field testing and optic disc imaging using the HRT...

A strong plasmonic enhancement of photoluminescence (PL) decay rate in quantum dots (QDs) coupled to an array of gold-coated nanocups is demonstrated. CuInS2 QDs that emit at a wavelength that overlaps with the extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) of the gold nanocup array are placed in the cups as solutions. Time-resolved PL reveals that the decay rate of the QDs in the plasmonically coupled system can be enhanced by more than an order of magnitude. Using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations, it is shown that this enhancement in PL decay rate results from an enhancement factor of ≈100 in electric field intensity provided by the plasmonic mode of the nanocup array, which is also responsible for the EOT...

PURPOSE: Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX), the most common identifiable cause of open-angle glaucoma, might affect the retinal hemodynamics. To test this, we compared retinal vessel diameter and glaucoma-related parameters between eyes with pseudoexfoliation material (PE+) and fellow unaffected (PE-) eyes of patients with clinically unilateral PEX. METHODS: The medical records of 30 consecutive Japanese subjects were reviewed retrospectively. The retinal vessel diameters were measured and expressed as the central retinal arteriolar equivalent (CRAE) and central retinal venular equivalent (CRVE) using standardized software...

OBJECTIVE: To explore the underlying regional brain activity deficits in the visual cortex in patients with primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) relative to normal controls (NCs) using regional homogeneity (ReHo) method, and its relationship with behavioral performances. PATIENTS: Twenty PACG patients (10 females, 10 males; mean age ± standard deviation [SD]: 54.42±9.46 years) and 20 age-, and sex status-matched NCs (10 females, 10 males; mean age ± SD: 53.75±9...

Glaucoma is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterised by cupping of the optic nerve head and visual-field damage. It is the most frequent cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Progression usually stops if the intraocular pressure is lowered by 30-50% from baseline. Its worldwide age-standardised prevalence in the population aged 40 years or older is about 3·5%. Chronic forms of glaucoma are painless and symptomatic visual-field defects occur late. Early detection by ophthalmological examination is mandatory...

Complement components have been implicated in a wide variety of functions including neurogenesis, proliferation, cell migration, differentiation, cancer, and more recently early development and regeneration. Following our initial observations indicating that C3a/C3aR signaling induces chick retina regeneration, we analyzed its role in chick eye morphogenesis. During eye development, the optic vesicle (OV) invaginates to generate a bilayer optic cup (OC) that gives rise to the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) and neural retina...

Purpose: Choroidal thinning has been associated with reticular pseudodrusen (RPD) and β-peripapillary atrophy (β-PPA), which have been linked to normal-tension glaucoma (NTG). This analysis sought to determine whether RPD are independently associated with β-PPA in early AMD patients. Secondary outcomes included the association of RPD and preexisting diagnosis of glaucoma, cup-to-disc ratio (CDR), subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), and IOP. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study examined 78 age- and sex-matched early AMD patients: 43 RPD patients (63 eyes) and 35 non-RPD patients (64 eyes)...

AIMS: We investigated the relationship between elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and changes in global and peripapillary sector retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness around the optic nerve head (ONH) in the laser-induced ocular hypertension monkey model. METHODS: To induce high IOP, green laser photocoagulation burns were applied around the trabecular meshwork of 1 eye from each of 12 cynomolgus monkeys. The animals had been acclimated to IOP measurement under conscious conditions for more than 2 months, and IOP was chronologically measured...

PURPOSE: To investigate optic nerve head (ONH) pallor quantitatively in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and in healthy subjects, and to examine the relationship to mean deviation in perimetry (MD), cup-disk ratio (CDR), and diameters of retinal vessels. METHODS: A total of 89 POAG patients (67.6 ± 11.1 years) and 48 healthy subjects (63.3 ± 14 years) were included. A dual-bandpass transmission filter was introduced in the illumination path of the fundus camera of the Dynamic Vessel Analyzer (Imedos Systems UG) and two monochromatic images at different wavelenghts (548 ± 10 and 610 ± 10 nm) were recorded simultaneously...

BACKGROUND: The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a specialized monolayer of epithelial cells that forms a tight barrier surrounding the neural retina. RPE cells are indispensable for mature photoreceptor renewal and survival, yet how the initial RPE cell population expands around the neural retina during eye development is poorly understood. RESULTS: Here we characterize the differentiation, proliferation, and movements of RPE progenitors in the Zebrafish embryo over the period of optic cup morphogenesis...

PURPOSE: This paper aims at the description and comparison of methods of topographic analysis of racing courses at all disciplines of alpine skiing sports for the purposes of obtaining: terrain geomorphology (snowless and with snow), course geometry, and competitors' runs. METHODS: The review presents specific methods and instruments according to the order of their historical appearance as follows: (1) azimuth method with the use of a compass, tape and goniometer instruments; (2) optical method with geodetic theodolite, laser and photocells; (3) triangulation method with the aid of a tape and goniometer; (4) image method with the use of video cameras; (5) differential global positioning system and carrier phase global positioning system methods...

In vertebrates, the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptors of the neural retina (NR) comprise a functional unit required for vision. During vertebrate eye development, a conversion of the RPE into NR can be induced by growth factors in vivo at optic cup stages, but the reverse process, the conversion of NR tissue into RPE, has not been reported. Here, we show that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling can reprogram the NR into RPE at optic cup stages in chick. Shortly after BMP application, expression of Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (Mitf) is induced in the NR and selective cell death on the basal side of the NR induces an RPE-like morphology...