Bob Snow

In natural and social science, many events happened at different space-times may be closely correlated. Two events, A (Alice) and B (Bob) are defined correlated if one event is determined by another, say, [Formula: see text] for suitable [Formula: see text] operators. Taking KdV and coupled KdV systems as examples, we can find some types of models (AB-KdV systems) to exhibit the existence on the correlated solutions linked with two events. The idea of this report is valid not only for physical problems related to KdV systems but also for problems described by arbitrary continuous or discrete models...

The large-scale production of vast numbers of suitable salt nuclei and their upward launch is one of the main technological barriers to the experimental testing of marine cloud brightening (MCB). Very promising, though not definitive, results have been obtained using an adapted version of effervescent spray atomization. The process is simple, robust and inexpensive. This form of effervescent spraying uses only pressurized water and air sprayed from small nozzles to obtain very fine distributions. While it is far from optimized, and may not be the best method if full deployment is ever desired, we believe that even in its present form the process would lend itself well to preliminary field test investigations of MCB...

PURPOSE: To investigate how different warm-ups influenced subsequent sled-pull sprint performance in Olympic-level bob-skeleton athletes as part of their preparation for the 2010 Winter Olympics. METHODS: Three female and 3 male athletes performed 5 different randomized warm-ups of differing intensities, durations, and timing relative to subsequent testing, each 2 days apart, all repeated twice. After warm-ups, testing on a sled-pull sprint over 20 m, 3 repeats 3 min apart, took place...

Heat-shock protein-90 is an attractive target for anticancer drugs, as heat-shock protein-90 blockers such as the ansamycin 17-(allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin greatly reduce the expression of many signaling molecules that are disregulated in cancer cells and are key drivers of tumor growth and metastasis. While 17-(allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin has shown promise in clinical trials, this compound class has significant template-related drawbacks. In this paper, we describe a new, potent non-ansamycin small-molecule inhibitor of heat-shock protein-90, BX-2819, containing resorcinol and triazolothione rings...

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Remote sensing techniques are becoming increasingly important for identifying mosquito habitats, investigating malaria epidemiology and assisting malaria control. Here, Simon Hay, Bob Snow and David Rogers review the development of these techniques, from aerial photographic identification of mosquito larval habitats on the local scale through to the space-based survey of malaria risk over continental areas using increasingly sophisticated airborne and satellite-sensor technology. They indicate that previous constraints to uptake are becoming less relevant and suggest how future delays in the use of remotely sensed data in malaria control might be avoided...

PURPOSE: An artificial neural network was developed to improve the prediction of pathological stage before radical prostatectomy based on variables available at biopsy and clinical parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used the prospectively accrued European prostate cancer detection data base to train an artificial neural network to predict pathological stage in 200 men with serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) 10 ng./ml. or less who underwent radical prostatectomy...

PURPOSE: Two artificial neural networks (ANN) for the early detection of prostate cancer in men with total prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels from 2.5 to 4 ng/mL and from 4 to 10 ng/mL were prospectively developed. The predictive accuracy of the ANN was compared with that obtained by use of conventional statistical analysis of standard PSA parameters. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Consecutive men with a serum total PSA level between 4 and 10 ng/mL (n = 974) and between 2...

Malaria remains the single largest threat to child survival in sub-Saharan Africa and warrants long-term investment for control. Previous malaria distribution maps have been vague and arbitrary. Marlies Craig, Bob Snow and David le Sueur here describe a simple numerical approach to defining distribution of malaria transmission, based upon biological constraints of climate on parasite and vector development. The model compared well with contemporary field data and historical 'expert opinion' maps, excepting small-scale ecological anomalies...

Approaches to global public health are increasingly driven by an understanding of regional patterns of disease-specific mortality and disability. Current estimates of disease risks associated with Plasmodium falciparum in sub-Saharan Africa remain poorly defined. Through the integration of high-resolution population and climate probability models of P. falciparum transmission, geographical information systems have been used to define the spatial limits of populations exposed to the risk of infection in Africa...