competent stand trial

BACKGROUND: Social media is essential in the lives of adolescents, with 97% of US teenagers engaging daily. While it facilitates communication, learning, and identity development, it also poses risks like harmful content exposure and psychological distress, particularly for adolescents in their critical developmental stage. Teaching digital life skills innovatively counters these risks, adapting traditional competencies such as decision-making, problem-solving, creative and critical thinking, communication, interpersonal skills, self-awareness, empathy, and emotional and stress management to digital challenges...

AIMS: Determine the wheat rhizosphere competence of Trichoderma gamsii strain A5MH and in planta suppression of the Pythium root and Fusarium crown rot pathogens Globisporangium irregulare and Fusarium pseudograminearum. METHODS AND RESULTS: Wheat was continuously cropped (eight years) at a minimum tillage, low growing season rainfall (GSR ≤ 170 mm) site shown as highly conducive to Pythium root and Fusarium crown rots. Root isolation frequency (RIF) and qPCR was used to determine the rhizosphere dynamics of strain A5MH and the target pathogens at tillering, grain harvest and in postharvest stubble over the final two years...

Forensic evaluators may have little experience and knowledge of the political context of Myanmar, the Burmese people, and the refugee crisis. Oppression of several ethnic minority groups has marked Burmese military rule of Myanmar for several decades. Protracted trauma exposure, both pre- and post-migration, among refugee populations increases the risk for mental health disorders, particularly depression, anxiety, alcohol abuse, and posttraumatic stress disorder. These experiences may result in anger and psychiatric manifestations that bring Burmese refugees in conflict with the law in their host country...

Shaw, J, Gould, ZI, Oliver, JL, and Lloyd, RS. Twelve weeks of progressive resistance training positively improves physical fitness and golf swing performance in talented youth golfers. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-This aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a 12-week resistance training program in talented junior golfers. Eighteen talented youth golfers were pair matched by maturity status and handicap, and subsequently allocated to an experimental (EXP) or control group. During the 12-week intervention, both groups continued with their normal golf practice while the EXP group also completed a progressive twice-weekly resistance training program...

The first act of assisted suicide in Italy was recently carried out. This event is an absolute novelty for the country, affected by recent legislative changes aimed only at introducing the right to interrupt health treatments and, therefore, carry out exclusively omissive end-of-life acts. These normative provisions lay their foundations in a cultural context centered on the protection of the right to life and health; however, the cases that have occurred over time, including the famous story of DJ Fabo, have led the Constitutional Court to re-evaluate these dictates, introducing in 2019 the right to resort to assisted suicide procedures within well-defined areas, including incurability of the condition, the serious suffering of the individual and the retained ability to stand trial...

Neurological evidence is increasingly used in criminal cases to argue that a defendant is less responsible for their behaviour, is not competent to stand trial or should receive a reduced punishment for the crime. Unfortunately, neurologists are rarely involved in such cases despite having the expertise to help to inform these decisions in court. In this Perspective, we advocate for the development of 'forensic neurology', a subspecialty of neurology focused on using neurological clinical and scientific expertise to address legal questions for the criminal justice system...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

Defendants who are facing criminal charges in the United States have a constitutional right to be present at trial. This right can be voluntarily waived; for such a waiver to be valid, the defendant must be competent to waive the right to be present at trial. There have been several cases where a defendant is absent from trial because of a suicide attempt, and in these cases the courts must determine whether it is necessary to pause the criminal trial to allow for a competence hearing to take place. The U.S...

Intellectual functioning impacts defendants' competence to stand trial, though research on this population remains limited. This study replicated and advanced prior work, focusing on defendants' demographic, clinical, cognitive, and criminal justice variables and their association with length of hospitalization and restoration determinations. Participants were 74 male and female criminal defendants in a midwestern state who were adjudicated incompetent to stand trial, had a diagnosis related to intellectual deficits, and completed competency restoration...

OBJECTIVE: Anti-N-methyl D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis is a rare, recently discovered condition that typically presents initially with psychiatric disturbances followed by neurological and neuropsychological symptoms. Little is known about neuropsychological outcomes with this condition. This poster will expand our knowledge by presenting a monolingual Spanish male who emigrated to the US from Latin America and was arrested on multiple offenses during psychiatric symptom onset of anti-NMDAR encephalitis...

OBJECTIVE: Research has highlighted how key cognitive functions underlie abilities within the construct of Competency to Stand Trial (CST). This case study examines the impacts of Mild Neurocognitive Disorder and culture on a physician found incompetent to stand trial. METHOD: A 62-year-old African-born male physician charged with Health Fraud who was referred for an examination of his CST. His attorneys raised concerns about his rational understanding of the proceedings and his ability to collaborate constructively with them...

As racial influences on forensic outcomes are identified in every aspect of practice, scholars are exploring methods to disentangle race from its historical, economic, and attitudinal antecedents. Because jurisdictions vary in these influences, definitions and data may differ among them, creating inconsistencies in analysis and policy. This retrospective database review compared differences in racial outcomes among 200 pretrial defendants, 160 Black and 40 White, exploring a wide range of socioeconomic, clinical, and forensic influences before, during, and after hospitalization...

Criminal defendants found incompetent to stand trial (IST) may only be committed for competency restoration if their restoration success is considered likely and when this aim can be met within a "reasonable" period of time. In this study, we evaluated the predictive validity and test accuracy of standardized intelligence testing on the classification of nonrestorability in a sample of 293 male patients adjudicated IST and committed for inpatient restoration. At 90 days, 17.0% of cases with FSIQ scores within one standard deviation of the mean were unrestored, and nonrestoration rates increased with each additional FSIQ standard deviation decrement to 29...

BACKGROUND: While oocyte IVM is practiced sporadically it has not achieved widespread clinical practice globally. However, recently there have been some seminal advances in our understanding of basic aspects of oocyte biology and ovulation from animal studies that have led to novel approaches to IVM. A significant recent advance in IVM technology is the use of biphasic IVM approaches. These involve the collection of immature oocytes from small antral follicles from minimally stimulated patients/animals (without hCG-priming) and an ∼24 h pre-culture of oocytes in an advanced culture system ('pre-IVM') prior to IVM, followed by routine IVF procedures...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

Assessing motor competence is essential for evaluating the effectiveness of physical activity interventions that aim to maintain or improve older adults' function. However, assessing motor competence in older adults who have difficulties walking or standing is challenging, because few instruments or guidelines are appropriate for these frail older adults. This article aims to describe challenges in evaluating motor function among frail older adults, discuss strategies for adapting motor function assessments to their home settings, and provide recommendations for future clinical trials so that older adults with ambulatory difficulties can benefit from motor function assessment and physical activity programs...

COVID-19 strongly affected referral of individuals from Oregon's courts and the ability of Oregon State Hospital (OSH) to accept patients. Despite acceleration in the decline in civil commitment, competency to stand trial (CST) admissions increased, causing a bed crisis at OSH, which in turn affected community hospitals and jails. In 1993, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals mandated admission of jail detainees to OSH within seven days after a judicial order for CST evaluation or restoration. During COVID, as the number of such patients increased to crisis proportions, average jail detention times exceeded seven days...

Parents play a central role in supporting the early learning that positions young children for success when they enter formal schooling. For this reason, efforts to engage families in meaningful collaboration is a long-standing goal of high-quality early childhood education (ECE). Family-school engagement can take multiple forms; in this review, we focus on universal preschool-based outreach strategies that help parents support growth in child social-emotional and self-regulation competencies and prepare them for the transition into formal schooling...

Under United States law, criminal prosecution may not proceed against a defendant who is incompetent to participate in this process. The vast majority of defendants who are adjudicated incompetent to stand trial (IST) will subsequently regain sufficient capacities to be adjudicated competent to stand trial (CST). However, a small subgroup of defendants do not show sufficient improvement in clinical functioning and functional-legal capacities to regain CST. Under Jackson v. Indiana (1972), such individuals should be adjudicated unrestorably IST, with associated actions (e...

The ability to track therapeutic cells upon administration to the patient is of interest to both regulators and developers of cell therapy. The European Commission Horizon2020 project nTRACK from 2017-2022 aimed to develop a multi-modal nano-imaging agent to track therapeutic cells during development of a cell therapy. As part of this project, we investigated the regulatory pathway involved for such a product if marketed as a stand-alone product. An important regulatory hurdle appeared to be the appropriate regulatory classification of the nTRACK nano-imaging agent, as neither the definition for medicinal product nor the definition for medical device appeared to be a good fit for the purpose of the product and we were confronted with diverging views of competent authorities on the classification...