psychogenic dystonia

Alien hand syndrome (AHS) is an uncommon neurological condition characterized by involuntary, yet seemingly purposeful, movements of a limb, typically an upper extremity, with variable awareness and control by the affected individual. It is associated with a range of peculiar sensations, such as the feeling of limb estrangement, alien control and involuntary mirroring or restraining of movements. AHS indicates a profound disruption in volitional motor control and personal agency. The aetiology of AHS is the dysfunction of critical brain regions secondary to diverse neurological insults, such as tumours, vascular disorders, infarction or neurodegenerative diseases...

The terminology and classification of voice disorders are complex topics. For this reason, developing a consensus in the scientific community regarding such a topic would bring a wide range of benefits to this field of study. The study is originally divided into parts A and B, and part A explored general propositions of voice disorder classification systems. Now, Part B of this study explores the classification of voice disorders in specific conditions and diagnoses. A scoping review was performed after an electronic and manual search, resulting in the inclusion of 20 studies in Part B...

BACKGROUND: The tongue is an essential organ for the development of certain crucial functions such as swallowing and speech. The examination of the tongue can be very useful in neurology, as the various types of lingual alterations can lead to certain specific diagnoses, the tongue being a kind of 'mirror' of some neurological function. REVIEW SUMMARY: To discuss the elements of clinical examination of the tongue in relation to neurological disorders. After reviewing the different superficial lesions of the tongue, we deal with various movement disorders of the tongue (fasciculations/myokimia, orolingual tremor, choreic movements of the tongue, dystonia of the tongue, lingual myoclonus, and psychogenic movements), disorders of taste and lingual sensitivity and lingual pain...

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OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with oromandibular dystonia (OMD). BACKGROUND: Dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by sustained involuntary muscle contractions that often cause abnormal postures. OMD is a rare focal dystonia that affects the tongue, jaw, and mouth. OMD, which is a rare public health problem, is often recognized as psychogenic and there are delays in its diagnosis and treatment...

The prevalence of dystonia has been studied since the 1980s. Due to different methodologies and due to varying degrees of awareness, resulting figures have been extremely different. We wanted to determine the prevalence of dystonia according to its current definition, using quality-approved registries and based on its relevance for patients, their therapy and the health care system. We applied a service-based chart review design with the City of Hannover as reference area and a population of 525,731. Barrier-free comprehensive dystonia treatment in few highly specialised centres for the last 30 years should have generated maximal dystonia awareness, a minimum of unreported cases and a high degree of data homogeneity...

To date, there are no behavioral or psychophysiological treatment studies on paroxysmal dyskinesia (PD). PD is a group of debilitating movement disorders that present with severe episodes of dystonia, chorea, and/or ballistic like movements. This is a first case report of a 50-year-old male who received behavioral interventions (e.g., mindfulness, CBT, and biofeedback interventions) to manage his PD episodes in tandem with multidisciplinary treatments (e.g., neurology, psychiatry, etc.). The paper primarily discusses the serendipitous observation of galvanic skin response (GSR) elevations and spikes immediately before and after the onset of PD episodes...

Various movement disorders, such as oromandibular dystonia, oral dyskinesia, bruxism, functional (psychogenic) movement disorder, and tremors, exist in the stomatognathic system. Most patients experiencing involuntary movements due to these disorders visit dentists or oral surgeons, who may be the first healthcare providers. However, differential diagnoses require neurological and dental knowledge. This study aimed to review scientific advances in botulinum toxin therapy for these conditions. The results indicated that botulinum toxin injection is effective and safe, with few side effects in most cases when properly administered by an experienced clinician...

BACKGROUND: Movement disorders have different prevalence in different regions and they are little studied in Africa. OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the prevalence and determine the spectrum of movement disorders in the first specialized center in Senegal. METHODS: It was a prospective study over on 18 months in adult outpatient clinic. Demographic, clinical, paraclinical data, including genetic test in collaboration with the Queen Square Institute of Neurology at UCL were collected...

This chapter first focuses on the role of altered neuroplasticity mechanisms and their regulation in the genesis of motor symptoms in the various forms of dystonia. In particular, a review of the available literature about focal dystonia suggests that use-dependent plasticity may become detrimental and produce dystonia when practice and repetition are excessive and predisposing conditions are present. Interestingly, recent evidence also shows that functional or psychogenic dystonia, despite the normal plasticity in the sensorimotor system, is characterized by plasticity-related dysfunction within limbic regions...

BACKGROUND: Functional movement disorders include a wide spectrum of clinically documented movement disorders without an apparent organic substrate. OBJECTIVE: To explore the functional connectivity (FC) of the primary motor (M1) cortex in functional dystonia (FD) patients relative to healthy controls, with a focus on different clinical phenotypes. METHODS: Forty FD patients (12 fixed [FixFD]; 28 mobile [MobFD]) and 43 healthy controls (14 young FixFD-age-matched [yHC]; 29 old MobFD-age-matched [oHC]) underwent resting state fMRI...

Functional dystonia represents a condition where psychological distress is being expressed as involuntary muscle contractions. In the foot and ankle, it most commonly presents as a sudden onset of a painful fixed ankle/hindfoot deformity in a female patient with a history of trivial trauma or surgery. The "fixed deformity" found on clinical examination is usually correctable under general anesthesia. Less commonly, it can present in the toes or may present as paroxysmal muscle movements rather than a fixed deformity...

OBJECTIVES: Acute movement disorders (AMD) are frequent in neurological and pediatric emergencies. Few studies analyzed AMD in children, none in Tunisia or other African country. The purpose of this study was to describe the peculiarities of AMD in a Tunisian pediatric population with a literature review. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective descriptive study over 8 years including 80 children (sex ratio, 1.05; mean age of onset, 4.8 years) with AMD, followed in tertiary referral Child Neurology Department in North Tunisia...

Patients with functional neurological symptom disorder (FND) have many diverse symptoms including psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES), positive movements such as tremor, dystonia, or gait abnormalities, loss of motor function such as leg or arm paresis, and loss of sensory functions, such as blindness, deafness, or loss of feeling in the limbs. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a therapy method that includes some techniques arising from psychodynamic, cognitive, and behavioral approaches...

BACKGROUND: Swallow tail sign (STS), which represents nigrosome-1 in the substantia nigra on 3 Tesla (T) susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), has attracted attention as a promising magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) biomarker for idiopathic Parkinson's disease (iPD). Some reports have shown high sensitivity and specificity-both above 94%-for distinguishing iPD from healthy controls. However, abnormal STS has been observed in many neurodegenerative parkinsonisms and even in multiple sclerosis...

Objective: To assess if the phenotype or age at onset of Functional Movement Disorders (FMD) vary as a function of presence of a perfectionism or history of abuse. Detecting such a potential association might help guide future research into the pathophysiology of FMD. Methods: Charts of all patients diagnosed with FMD by a movement disorder specialist using the commonly accepted clinical diagnostic criteria for FMD seen at a tertiary center over 8 years were reviewed...

BACKGROUND: Tics are the hallmark of Tourette syndrome (TS). However, TS patients may have a particular vulnerability to develop other movement disorders (MDs), such as dystonia, chorea, stereotypy, and other hyperkinetic disorders that may be wrongly attributed to tics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied a cohort of 201 patients with motor and phonic tics associated with TS to determine if they have additional, co-existent, MDs. RESULTS: There were 67 (33...

Introduction: Movement disorders are increasingly described in hospitalized and milder cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection, despite a very low prevalence compared to the total patients. Methods: We reviewed the scientific literature published in English, spanning from the initial descriptions of COVID-19 until January 25, 2021, in the PubMed/MEDLINE database. Results: We identified 93 new-onset movement disorders cases (44 articles) from 200 papers screened in the database or reference lists...

Functional motor disorders (FMD) are common and disabling. They are known to predominantly affect women and young to middle-aged patients, although they also occur during childhood or in the elderly. Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with FMD are poorly known, since large series of consecutive patients are scarce. METHODS: In a chart review study, we retrospectively abstracted data from consecutive FMD patients who were referred to the Neurophysiology Department of the Salpêtrière University Hospital between 2008 and 2016 for treatment with repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation...

AIMS: To assess the characteristic clinical features, management, and outcome of patients who present to orthopaedic surgeons with functional dystonia affecting the foot and ankle. METHODS: We carried out a retrospective search of our records from 2000 to 2019 of patients seen in our adult tertiary referral foot and ankle unit with a diagnosis of functional dystonia. RESULTS: A total of 29 patients were seen. A majority were female (n = 25) and the mean age of onset of symptoms was 35...